RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in critically ill adolescents, which currently is unclear. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a multicenter, prospective, cohort study. Adolescents aged 13-17 years who were admitted to 6 pediatric intensive care units and were anticipated to receive cardiopulmonary support for at least 48 hours were eligible, unless they were admitted with DVT or pulmonary embolism or were receiving or anticipated to receive therapeutic anticoagulation. While patients were in the unit, serial sonograms of the lower extremities were performed, then centrally adjudicated. Bayesian statistics were used to leverage the similarities between adults and adolescents. RESULTS: A total of 88 adolescents were enrolled, from whom 184 lower extremity sonograms were performed. Of these, 9 adolescents developed DVT, with 1 having bilateral DVT. The frequency of DVT was 12.4% (95% credible interval: 6.1%, 20.1%), which ranged from 6.3% to 19.8% with a variability of 41.0% across units. All cases of DVT occurred in adolescents who received invasive mechanical ventilation (frequency: 16.5%; 95% credible interval 8.1%, 26.6%). DVT was associated with femoral central venous catheterization (OR 15.44; 95% credible interval 1.62, 69.05) and severe illness (OR for every 0.1 increase in risk of mortality 3.11; 95% credible interval 1.19, 6.85). DVT appears to be associated with prolonged days on support. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the similarities and differences in the epidemiology of DVT between adults and adolescents. They support the conduct and inform the design of a trial of pharmacologic prophylaxis in critically ill adolescents.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Crítica , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Trombosis de la Vena/epidemiología , Adolescente , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Trombosis de la Vena/tratamiento farmacológico , Trombosis de la Vena/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of bleeding in critically ill children. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cohort study of children <18 years old admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for >24 hours and without clinically relevant bleed (CRB) on admission. CRB was defined as resulting in severe physiologic derangements, occurring at a critical site or requiring major therapeutic interventions. Using a novel bleeding assessment tool that we developed, characteristics of the CRB were abstracted from the medical records independently and in duplicate. From the cohort, we matched each child with CRB to 4 children without CRB based on onset of CRB. Risk factors and complications of CRB were identified from this matched group of children. RESULTS: We analyzed 405 children with a median age of 35 months (IQR 7-130 months). A total of 37 (9.1%) children developed CRB. The median number of days with CRB was 1 day (IQR 1-2 days). Invasive ventilation (OR 61.35; 95% CI 6.27-600.24), stress ulcer prophylaxis (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.08-6.74), surgical admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.10-0.84), and aspirin (OR 0.04; 95% CI 0.002-0.58) were associated with CRB. CRB was associated with longer time to discharge from the unit (hazard ratio 0.20; 95% CI 0.13-0.33) and the hospital (hazard ratio 0.49; 95% CI 0.33-0.73). Children with CRB were on vasopressor longer and transfused more red blood cells after the CRB than those without CRB. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that bleeding complicates critical illness in children.
Asunto(s)
Hemorragia/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedad Crítica , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Lactante , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Identifying children ready for extubation is desirable to minimize morbidity and mortality associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and extubation failure. We determined the accuracy of an extubation readiness test (Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure extubation readiness test) in predicting successful extubation in children with acute respiratory failure from lower respiratory tract disease. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from the Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure clinical trial, a pediatric multicenter cluster randomized trial of sedation. SETTING: Seventeen PICUs in the intervention arm. PATIENTS: Children 2 weeks to 17 years receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for lower respiratory tract disease. INTERVENTION: Extubation readiness test in which spontaneously breathing children with oxygenation index less than or equal to 6 were placed on FIO2 of 0.50, positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O, and pressure support. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 1,042 children, 444 (43%) passed their first extubation readiness test. Of these, 295 (66%) were extubated within 10 hours of starting the extubation readiness test, including 272 who were successfully extubated, for a positive predictive value of 92%. Among 861 children who were extubated for the first time within 10 hours of performing an extubation readiness test, 788 passed their extubation readiness test and 736 were successfully extubated for a positive predictive value of 93%. The median time of day for extubation with an extubation readiness test was 12:15 hours compared with 14:54 hours for extubation without an extubation readiness test within 10 hours (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In children with acute respiratory failure from lower respiratory tract disease, an extubation readiness test, as described, should be considered at least daily if the oxygenation index is less than or equal to 6. If the child passes the extubation readiness test, there is a high likelihood of successful extubation.
Asunto(s)
Extubación Traqueal , Respiración con Presión Positiva , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/terapia , Enfermedades Respiratorias/complicaciones , Desconexión del Ventilador/métodos , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determined the current incidence and acute complications of asymptomatic central venous catheter (CVC)-related deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in critically ill children. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a prospective cohort study in 3 pediatric intensive care units. A total of 101 children with newly inserted untunneled CVC were included. CVC-related DVT was diagnosed using compression ultrasonography with color Doppler. RESULTS: Asymptomatic CVC-related DVT was diagnosed in 16 (15.8%) children, which equated to 24.7 cases per 1000 CVC-days. Age was independently associated with DVT. Compared with children aged <1 year, children aged >13 years had significantly higher odds of DVT (aOR, 14.1, 95% CI, 1.9-105.8; P = .01). Other patient demographics, interventions (including anticoagulant use), and CVC characteristics did not differ between children with and without DVT. Mortality-adjusted duration of mechanical ventilation, a surrogate for pulmonary embolism, was statistically similar in the 2 groups (22 ± 9 days in children with DVT vs 23 ± 7 days in children without DVT; P = .34). Mortality-adjusted intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay also were similar in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic CVC-related DVT is common in critically ill children. However, the acute complications do not seem to differ between children with and without DVT. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results. Future studies should also investigate the chronic complications of asymptomatic CVC-related DVT.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Asintomáticas/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crítica , Trombosis Venosa Profunda de la Extremidad Superior/complicaciones , Trombosis Venosa Profunda de la Extremidad Superior/epidemiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and prognostic significance of hyperglycemia among critically ill nondiabetic children. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study using point-of-care blood glucose measurements, hospital administrative databases, and a computerized information system; 942 nondiabetic patients admitted to our Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) from October 2000 to September 2003 were included. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was based on initial PICU glucose measurement, highest value within 24 hours, and highest value measured during PICU stay up to 10 days after the first measurement. Primary outcome was in-hospital death with PICU lengths of stay (LOS) as secondary outcome. RESULTS: Through the use of three cutoff values (120 mg/dL, 150 mg/dL, and 200 mg/dL), the prevalence of hyperglycemia was 16.7% to 75.0%. The relative risk (RR) for dying increased for maximum glucose within 24 hours >150 mg/dL (RR, 2.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26 to 4.93) and highest glucose within 10 days >120 mg/dL (RR, 5.68; 95% CI, 1.38 to 23.47). LOS was decreased for admission glucose >120 mg/dL and 150 mg/dL but increased for all threshold values for maximum glucose within 10 days. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia occurs frequently among critically ill nondiabetic children and is correlated with a greater in-hospital mortality rate and longer LOS.