RESUMEN
Small-scale experimental investigations were undertaken on the anaerobic digestion (AD) and codigestion of livestock waste and industrial biowastes. A simple procedure was developed to rapidly determine the suitability of wastes for digestion. The experiment was split into two phases; initially, the seed (digested brewery waste) was replaced by the test waste over a period of 5 days. During the second phase, the test waste was incubated and monitored for methanogenesis. Dairy cattle slurry was the most efficient co-substrate which, when codigested with pig slurry in an equal ratio achieved volatile solids destruction of 32%, CH(4) production rate of 97.4 ml d(-1), maximum CH(4) content of 61.6% and total gas yield of 2229 ml after 529 h. High fat content wastes were unsuitable for AD due to low pH value and because the dominant microbial reaction was fermentation. Codigestion was investigated to overcome any inhibitions; however, dairy cattle slurry, abattoir wastewater and NaOH additions did not lead to methanogenesis. Treating these wastes by AD is feasible but without CH(4) production.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Heces , Residuos Industriales , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Mataderos , Anaerobiosis , Animales , Bovinos , Chipre , Industria Lechera , Industria de Alimentos , Porcinos , TiempoRESUMEN
This paper summarizes the work carried out for Cyprus in respect to developing guidelines on the measures that have to be taken for the reduction of the impacts caused by the operation of dairy cow farms and in a second stage, to aid the competent authorities in permitting the dairy farms under the Water and Soil Pollution Control Law. The paper includes information on the existing situation in Cyprus in regards to: (1) the operation of the farms, the production of waste and the existing practices for the management of waste, and (2) the guidelines and measures for the reduction of waste, odours and the use of waste in order to ensure the safe and sustainable operation of the farms and the management of waste.
Asunto(s)
Industria Lechera/métodos , Industria Lechera/normas , Contaminación Ambiental/prevención & control , Guías como Asunto , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Administración de Residuos/normas , Contaminantes del Agua/análisis , Animales , Chipre , Difusión , Administración de Residuos/economíaRESUMEN
The examination of the effectiveness of the chemical oxidation using Fenton's reagent (H(2)O(2)/Fe(2+)) for the reduction of the organic content of wastewater generated from a textile industry has been studied. The experimental results indicate that the oxidation process leads to a reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration up to 45%. Moreover, the reduction is reasonably fast at the first stages of the process, since the COD concentration is decreased up to 45% within four hours and further treatment time does not add up to the overall decrease in the COD concentration (48% reduction within six hours). The maximum color removal achieved was 71.5%. In addition, the alterations observed in the organic matter during the development of the process, as indicated by the ratios of COD/TOC and BOD/COD and the oxidation state, show that a great part of the organic substances, which are not completely mineralized, are subjected to structural changes to intermediate organic by-products.
Asunto(s)
Peróxido de Hidrógeno/química , Hierro/química , Oxidantes/química , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Carbono/análisis , Residuos Industriales , Oxidación-Reducción , Industria TextilRESUMEN
Most industries in Cyprus possess permits either for disposal at central wastewater treatment plants (the treated effluent of which is reused or disposed into the sea), or discharge on soil, or reuse either for irrigation or groundwater recharge or discharge into the sea. A preliminary investigation undertaken by the University of Cyprus in regards to dangerous substances was the first step towards establishing a new licensing and monitoring system. Liquid-liquid extraction was used for the extraction of the selected pesticides from wastewaters. Gas chromatography with two different detection methods (ECD and FTD) was applied for the determination of 17 pesticides (12 organochlorine insecticides, 3 organophosphoric insecticides and 2 herbicides). In addition ICP and a mercury evaporation unit were used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the samples. The results revealed the presence of several priority substances in wastewaters, in most cases at concentrations well below the regulatory limits. Non-compliance was observed for a limited number of metals. Sixteen out of 17 organic substances that were monitored for 1-year period time were traced in different wastewater streams. What was found out is that there is a need to expand the analytical determinations and the monitoring to more wastewater streams and more priority substances, in order to safeguard the water resources in Cyprus.
Asunto(s)
Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , Residuos Industriales/análisis , Metales Pesados/análisis , Compuestos Organofosforados/análisis , Plaguicidas/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Chipre , Herbicidas/análisis , Insecticidas/análisis , Control de Calidad , Abastecimiento de Agua/normasRESUMEN
Plasma gasification/vitrification is a technologically advanced and environmentally friendly method of disposing of waste, converting it to commercially usable by-products. This process is a drastic non-incineration thermal process, which uses extremely high temperatures in an oxygen-starved environment to completely decompose input waste material into very simple molecules. The intense and versatile heat generation capabilities of plasma technology enable a plasma gasification/vitrification facility to treat a large number of waste streams in a safe and reliable manner. The by-products of the process are a combustible gas and an inert slag. Plasma gasification consistently exhibits much lower environmental levels for both air emissions and slag leachate toxicity than other thermal technologies. In the framework of a LIFE-Environment project, financed by Directorate General Environment and Viotia Prefecture in Greece, a pilot plasma gasification/vitrification system was designed, constructed and installed in Viotia Region in order to examine the efficiency of this innovative technology in treating industrial hazardous waste. The pilot plant, which was designed to treat up to 50kg waste/h, has two main sections: (i) the furnace and its related equipment and (ii) the off-gas treatment system, including the secondary combustion chamber, quench and scrubber.
Asunto(s)
Sustancias Peligrosas , Residuos Industriales/análisis , Residuos Industriales/prevención & control , Diseño de Equipo , Gases/química , Incineración/métodosRESUMEN
Cyprus is one of the candidate countries to become a full member of the European Union. In order to access formally to the EU, Cyprus has to follow an implementation process and take into account all the obligations that the fifteen Member States have to respect. A large number of obligations derive from the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive 96/61/EC, which intends to result in the protection of the environment as a whole and the public health as well. This will be the outcome of determining ways of pollution prevention and control for several industrial sectors, which are covered by the IPPC Directive and then taking action so that all operators act according to the Directive's demands. In this framework, the National Technical University of Athens, after thorough examination of a large number of documents relevant to the Best Available Techniques (BATs), developed guidelines for the application of BATs for 14 categories of the industry of Cyprus. This paper concerns the developed guidelines for slaughterhouses.
Asunto(s)
Mataderos/normas , Contaminación Ambiental/prevención & control , Guías como Asunto , Animales , Animales Domésticos , Chipre , Europa (Continente) , Cooperación InternacionalRESUMEN
Leachates are generated as a result of water or other liquid passing through waste at a landfill site. These contaminated liquids originate from a number of sources, including the water produced during the decomposition of the waste as well as rain-fall which penetrates the waste and dissolves the material with which it comes into contact. The penetration of the rain-water depends on the nature of the landfill (e.g. surface characteristics, type and quantity of vegetation, gradient of layers, etc). The uncontrolled infiltration of leachate into the vadose (unsaturated) zone and finally into the saturated zone (groundwater) is considered to be the most serious environmental impact of a landfill. In the present paper the water flow and the pollutant transport characteristics of the Ano Liosia Landfill site in Athens (Greece) were simulated by creating a model of groundwater flows and contaminant transport. A methodology for the model is presented. The model was then integrated into the Ecosim system which is a prototype funded by the EU, (Directorate General XIII: Telematics and Environment). This is an integrated environmental monitoring and modeling system, which supports the management of environmental planning in urban areas.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Toma de Decisiones , Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Abastecimiento de Agua , Ciudades , Eliminación de Residuos , Contaminación del AguaRESUMEN
Sludge samples were found to contain significant amounts of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and were subjected to acid treatment using either hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric or phosphoric acid. The optimum combination, in terms of metal removal efficiency and environmental impacts was sought through a variety of tests by applying a ratio of 1:5 of sludge quantity (g) per volume of acid (ml). The concentrations of the different acids used, were in the range of 5%-20% and the contact times ranged between 15 and 60 minutes. The optimum combination was achieved when the sludge samples were in contact with H2SO4 20% v/v for 60 minutes. In order to estimate the metal leachability, the heavy metal content as well as the metal distribution in the residue were investigated and it was found that most of the heavy metal content was extracted while the remaining was removed from the initial mobile phases to the more stable ones.