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The present study investigated the fine structure of amphids and phasmids, cuticle, muscles, and digestive tracts of Toxocara canis using optical and electron microscopy, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and other specific stains. A number of 38 adult T.canis worms were obtained from the animal shelter of Urmia, and their small intestines were fixated in acidified formal alcohol and 10% formalin solutions. The anterior and posterior parts of male and female T.canis worms were prepared and cut at a thickness of 4-5 μm according to the conventional method in the histological laboratory. The samples were then stained using H&E and specific periodic acid-Schiff, Masson's trichrome, and Orcein staining. The structure of amphid (anterior), phasmid (posterior), cuticle, muscles, and digestive tracts of male and female worms were studied under light microscopy. Basal, intermediate, cortex, and cuticle surface coating of the parasite were visible. Alae were also observed as the thickenings in the cuticle. The muscle layer structure consists of non-branched cylindrical cells. The intestinal tract is composed of cuticular cogs, the esophagus is of filamentous-muscular structure, and the intestine is made of columnar epithelial tissue with microvilli and glycocalyx. The amphid structure consisted of cuticular protrusions with penetrations of the cephalic framework into their inner layers. Phasmid structure also includes protrusions in the cuticle and invagination of sensory neurons. It was concluded that for the most part, the histological structure of the cuticle can be studied by optical microscopy. The muscle structure in this parasite was very similar to the skeletal muscle in mammals. Furthermore, the epithelial structure of the intestine in this parasite was largely similar to the intestinal epithelium in mammals. Finally, regarding the amphid and phasmid structures, it was observed that they were protrusions covered by cuticles where neural, filamentous, and muscular structures were the core of these protrusions.

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Ultrastructural changes of gastritis due to infection with Physaloptera clausa in 12 fresh carcasses of euthanized European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) collected from different part of Urmia, Iran, in which they were highly populated with this animal, six females and six males were subjected to detail necropsy with special reference to the stomach. Macroscopic changes of stomach were recorded and some of the worms collected. Based on number of parasites present in the stomach, they were divided into light infection, mild infection, and severe infection. Parasites were collected, and worms identification of the species was confirmed on the basis of light microscope examination with reference to keys. Tissues fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and processed and plastic embedded; ultrathin sections of 60-70 nm were cut and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate; electron microscopic observations showed that, in light infection some changes were observed in gastric cells such as dilatation and vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum, large numbers of lipid granules, mitochondrial swelling, nuclear chromatin margination, and some nucleus showed washed out appearance. Other cells showed some alterations in mitochondria, dilatation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, loss of both free and bound ribosomes, vesiculation in cytoplasm, and increase Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles. The inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and predominantly eosinophils were identified. In moderate infection, the cellular pattern of gastric mucosa replaced with inflammatory cells. The marked increase of macrophages and other inflammatory cell was observed. A particular finding in our study was the presence of globule leukocyte in the moderate stage. Moreover, scant formation and distribution of collagen fibers as well as fibroblasts were also noted. In severe infection, the most obvious observation was marked distribution of collagen fibers around the mucosal cells. The fibroblastic cells with elongated nucleus and extensive indentation were noticed. In conclusion, the result of our study revealed P. clausa could be a cause of gastritis and according to cellular pattern of inflammatory reaction, with the increase of worm burden and development of infection, chronic gastritis was stabilized. Present investigation documented the ultrastructural changes during verminous gastritis in hedgehogs.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: We aimed to assess differences in patient management, and outcomes, of Australian and New Zealand patients admitted with a suspected or confirmed acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: We used comprehensive data from the binational Australia and New Zealand ACS 'SNAPSHOT' audit, acquired on individual patients admitted between 00.00 h on 14 May 2012 to 24.00 h on 27 May 2012. RESULTS: There were 4387 patient admissions, 3381 (77%) in Australia and 1006 (23%) in New Zealand; Australian patients were slightly younger (67 vs 69 years, P = 0.0044). Of the 2356 patients with confirmed ACS, Australian patients were at a lower cardiovascular risk with a lower median Global Registry Acute Coronary Events score (147 vs 154 P = 0.0008), but as likely to receive an invasive coronary angiogram (58% vs 54%, P = 0.082), or revascularisation with percutaneous coronary intervention (32% vs 31%, P = 0.92) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (7.0% vs 5.6%, P = 0.32). Of the 1937 non-segment elevation myocardial infarction/unstable angina pectoris (NSTEMI/UAP) patients, Australian patients had a shorter time to angiography (46 h vs 67 h, P < 0.0001). However, at discharge, Australian NSTEMI/UAP survivors were less likely to receive aspirin (84% vs 89%, P = 0.0079, a second anti-platelet agent (57% vs 63%, P = 0.050) or a beta blocker (67% vs 77%, P = 0.0002). In-hospital death rates were not different (2.7% vs 3.2%, P = 0.55) between Australia and New Zealand. CONCLUSIONS: Overall more similarities were seen, than differences, in the management of suspected or confirmed ACS patients between Australia and New Zealand. However, in several management areas, both countries could improve the service delivery to this high-risk patient group.

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The aim of study was to necropsy and histopathology evaluation of lung Crenosoma striatum in hedgehog. In July 2012, 10 porcupines were collected from Urmia city and transferred to parasitology lab of the veterinary faculty where they were euthanized by ketamine (over 40-90 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. In this study the lungs were assessed through naked eyes regarding parasite presence upon washing. The lung tissue was examined under loop microscope in order to finding small worms in lung parenchyma. The worms were removed by Anse forceps and kept in AFA solution, and collected for diagnosis. In order to carrying out pathological tests, some samples prepared and placed in formalin 10 % for fixation. The counted worms frequency in high severe and moderate lungs were as 86 (50 females and 36 males) and 19 (13 females and 16 males) worms respectively. But no worms were observed in healthy lungs. The infestation severity was as; low infestation (1-7 worms), moderate infestation (8-20), severe infestation (21-50) and very severe infestation (more than 50 worms). The lung examinations of non-infested lungs indicated that the lung tissues had no parasite. In addition, no inflammation reactions as inflammatory cells presence were observed, and the air spaces with alveoles' wall in some regions were observable. On histopathological examination, the observed alteration was primarily inflammatory changes, and in some cases the proliferation was also observable. Hyperemia and inflammatory cell infiltration, somehow the alveolar space was filled, representing bronchopneumonia reaction. The bronchioles had various changes as hypertrophy and hyperplastic in different parts of respiratory system. Hyperemia and hemorrhage were very severe in some cases caused hemosiderosis in the lung. In severe inflammations the pneumonia along with increasing of bronchial cells in the lumen rose as well, leading to severe verminous infestation of the lung. In regard to the obtained results, the verminous infestation of the porcupines' lung with C. striatum indicated inflammatory and proliferative alteration which was as inflammatory changes in mild cases, and inflammatory and proliferative stances in severe cases.

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Recent studies have suggested a neuroprotective effect for vitamin B12. The present study investigated the effects of vitamin B12, diclofenac and celecoxib in separate and combined treatments on functional recovery of crushed tibial nerve in rats. In ketamine plus xylazin anesthetized rats, right tibial nerve was crushed using a small hemoatatic forceps. Footprints were recorded 1 day before and on days 7, 14 and 21 after induction of nerve injury. Tibial functional index (TFI) was used to evaluate the recovery of tibial nerve function. Histological changes of tibial nerve were investigated by light microscopy. The recovery of TFI values were significantly accelerated with 10 consecutive days treatments with 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg of vitamin B12, 5 mg/kg of diclofenac and 1 and 5 mg/kg of celecoxib. The severity of Wallerian degeneration was reduced by above-mentioned doses of vitamin B12, diclofenac and celecoxib. Documented effects were observed when 0.1 mg/kg of vitamin B12 was concurrently used with 1 mg/kg of diclofenac and or 0.2 mg/kg of celecoxib. In the present study, vitamin B12, celecoxib and diclofenac (at a high dose) showed neuroprotective effects. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 pathways may be involved in neuroprotective effect of vitamin B12.

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Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is an inflammatory disease that leads to kidney malfunction. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of gentamicin (GEN) and ceftriaxone (CEF) alone and in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on experimentally induced APN. Forty two Wistar male rats were assigned into seven groups +APN, APN +GEN, APN+CEF, APN+MMF, APN+GEN+MMF and APN+CEF+MMF. APN was induced by injecting E. coli in the left kidney. The control and +APN groups were treated with normal saline while the other APN groups received GEN, CEF, or MMF alone and/or in combination for 2 weeks. The elevated total white blood cells count and increased level of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in +APN groups returned to normal levels following 14 days treatment with GEN and CEF. Co-administration of GEN with MMF could not recover the APN-induced changes and resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) elevation of creatinine and BUN levels. Histopathological studies supported the biochemical findings as GEN and CEF alone could partly restore the APN-induced degeneration and leukocytic infiltration; however, the combination therapy of GEN plus MMF failed to reduce the APN-induced damages. The antibacterial susceptibility test demonstrated that the strain of E. coli used in this study was susceptible to GEN and CEF and the combination therapy did not change the antibacterial potency. These findings suggest that co-administration of GEN with MMF in APN may enhance kidney damage and the adverse effects of combination therapeutic regimen could be related partly to incompatibility of these compounds.

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AIMS: To investigate effects of various concentrations of the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum L. seed alone and in combination with nisin on survival of vegetative forms of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis in a food model (commercial barley soup) and their ultrastructure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that cumin aldehyde (29·02%) and α-terpinen-7-al (20·70%) constituted the highest amount of the essential oil. The lowest concentration of the essential oil significantly affected the growth of the bacteria at 8°C but not at 25°C. Synergistic effect of the essential oil in combination with the lowest concentration of nisin was observed on the bacteria at 8°C. Evaluation of the sensory properties showed that concentration of 0·15 µl ml−1 of the essential oil was the most acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The essential oil of C. cyminum L. seed showed the most bactericidal effects on B. cereus at 8°C. Ultrastructural studies of vegetative cells confirmed the synergistic destructive effects of the essential oil and nisin on membrane and cell wall of the bacteria.

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To evaluate the protective effect of liquorice plant extract (LPE) on ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity, rats were exposed to ochratoxin A for 28 consecutive days. Biochemical analyses showed that ochratoxin A elevated the serum level of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) while antioxidant power of the serum was diminished significantly (P<0.05). Histopathological examinations revealed degenerative symptoms in proximal tubules, congestions in renal tissue, and a remarkable infiltration of the inflammatory cells as signs of ochratoxin A nephrotoxicity. Moreover, total antioxidant power of the serum and MDA generation was increased. The test compounds melatonin (MLT) and LPE alleviated most of the biochemical alterations. The results of the histopathological investigations of the kidneys supported these findings confirming the protective effects of the test compounds albeit with some differences in antioxidant potency. Taken together, our data may suggest that LPE like MLT could alleviate an ochratoxin A-reduced antioxidant power of serum and lower the toxin-induced MDA generation. Hence LPE might be considered as a practically antioxidant compound that may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of ochratoxicosis.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-related effects of fenitrothion (FNT) on the liver and kidney. The study was conducted on 8-week-old male Wistar rats that were divided into four groups (three experimental groups and one control group) and were treated orally with different doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of FNT for 28 consecutive days. After treatment, the rats were anesthetized with ether and liver and kidney samples were taken for histological studies. The results showed that the histopathological changes in the liver were mainly represented by parenchymatous degeneration of hepatocytes with mild necrosis, leukocytic infiltration in the portal area, severe congestion, and hemorrhage. These changes were dose dependent. Marked tubular dilation, hydropic degeneration in tubular epithelium, moderate congestion, and hemorrhage in the cortical and medulla part of the kidney were recorded. Histopathologic examination of the liver and kidney indicated a significant injury only in rats receiving 100 mg/kg FNT.

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Clinical and histopathological findings of a congenital ocular dermoid cyst, located at the lower eyelid of a river female buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calf were presented. A soft, fluctuant, non-tender, hyperaemic cystic mass was detected overlaying the left eye. Fine needle aspirate revealed filamentous debris with no malignant cells. The cyst was treated surgically by orbital exenteration and subsequently subjected to histopathological examination. The histopathological study disclosed a conjunctival dermoid cyst. This report is novel, in that; such ocular cyst has not previously been described in river buffalo calves.

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Epitheliogenesis imperfecta is a recessive hereditary condition characterized by the congenital missing of epithelium on the skin and oral mucosa. These lesions vary in size and location but usually consist of irregular patches of discontinuity of hair and squamous epithelium of skin usually on the distal extremities. Affected calves may also have patchy missing epithelium in the oral mucosa and tongue. The defect is usually incompatible with life. In this report, clinical, gross and histopathogical findings of epitheliogenesis imperfecta were described in two neonatal calves and one stillborn calf. Absence of epithelium over extensive areas of limbs, muzzle, nostrils, tongue, hard palate, cheeks and esophagus were among the remarkable findings.

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Mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis was diagnosed in a female Sannen goat. The doe presented for difficulty prehending and chewing food. The left mandible was swollen and firm on palpation. Radiographs revealed changes consistent with osteomyelitis of the affected mandible. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was isolated from aspirates of swollen mandible. Despite antimicrobial therapy, the goat died. Histopathological findings were consistent with pyogranulomatous disease of the affected mandible. The histopathological findings were similar to those reported for actinomycosis, caused by Actinomyces bovis. Mandibular osteomyelitis is a common condition in cattle and very rare in goat.

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Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is the reaction product between nitric oxide and the superoxide anion. It is a biological oxidant and cytotoxic anion, produced in vivo, which might cause inflammation and damage to the lungs. This study was designed to investigate whether direct contact with peroxynitrite could cause pathological changes in the airways. Twenty New Zealand rabbits were divided into four experimental groups. They were anesthetised by intravascular injection of thiopental sodium, and peroxynitrite (0.5 mL of a 10 mM solution) was inoculated intratracheally. At 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postinoculation trachea and lungs were isolated for histopathology. The histopathological observations in the lungs were congestion, serous exudation, infiltration of leukocytes and degeneration, which were found to be time-dependent. Changes were similar at 48 and 72 h. Degenerative changes were not progressive. The changes in the trachea were congestion, oedema, leukocyte infiltration, and degeneration of tracheal epithelium. This study shows that peroxynitrite formation in the respiratory tract induces lung inflammation and degenerative changes.

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BACKGROUND: Although stents have been shown in randomised trials to reduce restenosis rates compared with balloon angioplasty, there are concerns regarding the cost-effectiveness of an aggressive stenting strategy. Stents were shown to increase medical costs over 12 months in the early trials. AIM: Our aim was to determine the economic impact of an aggressive stenting strategy using current stenting techniques compared with a conservative stenting strategy. METHODS: Initial and one year follow-up costs were determined in all patients who underwent successful revascularisation during June to December 1996 (aggressive stenting, n = 401), and compared to all patients treated in the corresponding months in 1995 (conservative stenting, n = 347). All patients had clinical follow-up for one year. RESULTS: The proportion of patients receiving a stent increased from 22.5% in 1995 to 66.1% in 1996 (p < 0.0001). Requirement for repeat procedures in the 1995 group compared with 1996 was coronary angiography in 31% vs 16% (p < 0.001), coronary angioplasty in 11% vs 6% (p = 0.0044) and bypass surgery in 4.8% vs 2.5% (p = 0.054). The mean initial cost of the procedure was higher in the aggressive stenting group ($4319 +/- 1276 in 1995 vs $5131 +/- 1491 in 1996, p < 0.0001), but after 12 months follow-up, total medical costs were equivalent ($5975 +/- 4143 in 1995 vs $5994 +/- 3476 in 1996, p = NS). CONCLUSION: An aggressive coronary stenting strategy is associated with higher initial costs compared with a conservative strategy, but lower costs during follow-up due to reduced need for repeat procedures, resulting in equivalent one year total medical costs.

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We report a case of intracoronary embolization of a ring marker on a stent sheath. The Microsnare device was unsuitable because of the distal position of the marker. After failing to retrieve the marker using an over-the-wire balloon and the two-wire technique, we succeeded in removing the marker using a balloon-on-wire system.

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Coronary stenting has been shown to reduce the incidence of target lesion revascularization (TLR) compared with balloon angioplasty in highly selected patients. However, the impact of an aggressive coronary stenting strategy in unselected patients on the overall incidence of TLR is unclear. We assessed the effect of increased stenting by comparing long-term results in consecutive patients who underwent successful percutaneous revascularization (with or without stents) during June to December 1995 (n=347) with those in June to December 1996 (n=401). Stents were used in 22.5% of patients in 1995 versus 66.1% in 1996 (p <0.0001). Mean age of the patients was 62+/-11 years (71% men) in 1995 versus 63+/-10 in 1996 (76% men) (p=NS). The 2 groups were well matched with the exception that the 1996 cohort included more patients with unstable coronary syndromes (25% in 1995 vs 34% in 1996 (p=0.003). There was no significant difference in the incidence of in-hospital adverse events. After 12 months of follow-up (complete in 95% of patients in each group), the incidence of TLR was significantly lower in the 1996 cohort than in the 1995 cohort (8.5% vs 14.7%, p=0.0075). This was mainly due to reduced requirement for repeat angioplasty in 1996 patients compared with 1995 (6.5% vs 11.8%, p=0.011). It is concluded that in an unselected patient population, an aggressive coronary stenting strategy was associated with a marked overall reduction in requirement for TLR over a 12-month period.

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Correct positioning of a stent at an ostial lesion can be difficult due to poor visualisation once the guide is backed out of the artery to allow deployment. This case report illustrates a technique whereby the simultaneous use of a diagnostic catheter allows optimal visualisation of stent position, whilst maintaining a stable guide position well away from the stent.

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A survey of Giardia lamblia prevalence was carried out in Adelaide, South Australia, among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children attending day-care centres. A single-stool examination in 178 children aged 6 years and under revealed an overall prevalence rate of 10.7% with all carriers being 1-4 years of age. Within this age group, Giardia prevalence among Aboriginal children (11/32) was significantly higher than that among non-Aboriginal children (eight of 99) (Chi-square analysis, P less than 0.001). Furthermore, among Aboriginal children, a significant association (P less than 0.05) was found between giardia carriage and the family's contact with rural Aboriginal settlements or people from these areas. Aboriginal children with no rural contact had a giardia prevalence similar to non-Aboriginal children.

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