RESUMEN
Mesocestoides is a controversial tapeworm with significant lack of data related to systematics and life cycles. This helminth has an indirect life cycle with vertebrates, mostly carnivorous mammals, as definitive hosts. Theoretically, a coprophagous arthropod would be the first intermediate host, and herptiles, mammals, and birds, which prey on these insects, would represent the second intermediate hosts. However, recent evidence suggests that this life cycle would require only two hosts, with no arthropods involved. In the Neotropics, although there are records of mammals and reptiles as hosts for Mescocestoides, no molecular analyses have been performed. This work aimed to record an additional intermediate host and molecularly characterize the isolated larvae. Thus, 18 braided tree iguanas (Liolaemus platei) from Northern Chile were collected and dissected during 2019. One lizard was parasitized by three morphotypes of larvae compatible with tetrathyridia of Mescocestoides. To achieve its specific identity, a molecular approach was performed: 18S rRNA and 12S rRNA loci were amplified through cPCR. The inferred phylogenies confirmed the morphological diagnosis and stated that all morphotypes were conspecifics. The sequences for both loci formed a monophyletic clade with high nodal support, representing a sister taxon to Mescocestoides clade C. This study represents the first molecular characterization of any taxon of Mescocestoides from the Neotropics. Future surveys from potential definitive hosts would help to elucidate its life cycle. Furthermore, an integrative taxonomic approach is required in additional studies from the Neotropical region, which would contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of this genus.
Asunto(s)
Lagartos , Animales , Chile/epidemiología , Evolución Biológica , Larva/genética , ARN Ribosómico 18S , MamíferosRESUMEN
Ibuprofen soft gelatin capsules were subjected to degradation under acidic, basic, oxidation, photolytic, thermal, humidity, and metal ions conditions. To analyse the degradation products, a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) indicative stability method was successfully developed. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Poroshell HPH-C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 4 µm, column at 25 °C, with a mobile phase constituted by 0.1% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile in gradient at a flow rate of 1.0 mL⢠min -1 , using ultraviolet detection at 220 nm and injection volume of 20 µL. In total, eight unknown impurities were found. The peaks RRt 0.49, RRt 0.75, and RRt 0.95 were above 0.17%, corresponding to the identification threshold. Those were identified and characterized by LC-MS-QTOF, with the same chromatographic conditions, except for the exchange of 0.1% phosphoric acid for 0.1% formic acid. The impurities originated from the interaction of ibuprofen with excipients: esterification with PEG, with sorbitol/sorbitan, and with glycerol by-products, which has not yet been reported in the literature. The developed method can be used in several pharmaceutical areas as quality control of impurities, studies of forced degradation, and for the development of future formulations.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Cromatografía de Fase Inversa/métodos , Excipientes/química , Ibuprofeno/química , Cápsulas , Química Farmacéutica , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Gelatina , Humedad , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Espectrometría de Masas , Oxidación-Reducción , Fotólisis , Control de CalidadRESUMEN
Final cotton quality is of great importance, and it depends on intrinsic and extrinsic fiber characteristics. The objective of this study was to estimate general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities for technological fiber traits among six upland cotton genotypes and their fifteen hybrid combinations, as well as to determine the effective genetic effects in controlling the traits evaluated. In 2015, six cotton genotypes: FM 993, CNPA 04-2080, PSC 355, TAM B 139-17, IAC 26, and TAMCOT-CAMD-E and fifteen hybrid combinations were evaluated at the Experimental Station of Embrapa Algodão, located in Patos, PB, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. Technological fiber traits evaluated were: length (mm); strength (gf/tex); fineness (Micronaire index); uniformity (%); short fiber index (%), and spinning index. The diallel analysis was carried out according to the methodology proposed by Griffing, using method II and model I. Significant differences were detected between the treatments and combining abilities (GCA and SCA), indicating the variability of the study material. There was a predominance of additive effects for the genetic control of all traits. TAM B 139-17 presented the best GCA estimates for all traits. The best combinations were: FM 993 x TAM B 139-17, CNPA 04-2080 x PSC 355, FM 993 x TAMCOT-CAMD-E, PSC 355 x TAM B 139-17, and TAM B 139-17 x TAMCOT-CAMD-E, by obtaining the best estimates of SCA, with one of the parents having favorable estimates for GCA.
Asunto(s)
Fibra de Algodón/normas , Genotipo , Gossypium/genética , Fitomejoramiento , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Alelos , Hibridación Genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
Cotton produces one of the most important textile fibers of the world and has great relevance in the world economy. It is an economically important crop in Brazil, which is the world's fifth largest producer. However, studies evaluating the genotype x environment (G x E) interactions in cotton are scarce in this country. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the G x E interactions in two important traits in cotton (fiber yield and fiber length) using the method proposed by Eberhart and Russell (simple linear regression) and reaction norm models (random regression). Eight trials with sixteen upland cotton genotypes, conducted in a randomized block design, were used. It was possible to identify a genotype with wide adaptability and stability for both traits. Reaction norm models have excellent theoretical and practical properties and led to more informative and accurate results than the method proposed by Eberhart and Russell and should, therefore, be preferred. Curves of genotypic values as a function of the environmental gradient, which predict the behavior of the genotypes along the environmental gradient, were generated. These curves make possible the recommendation to untested environmental levels.
Asunto(s)
Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Gossypium/genética , Genotipo , Modelos Genéticos , Carácter Cuantitativo HeredableRESUMEN
Using commercial cultivars to compose crossing blocks in cotton is a promising strategy, because these materials have desirable agronomic and technological characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity among 16 cotton cultivars cultivated in two environments in the State of Mato Grosso, the largest national producer, using agronomical and technological traits. There was significant effect to cultivars for all traits, while genotype x environment interaction was significant only for average boll weight, short fiber index, and maturity of fibers. Therefore, because of the presence of genotype x environment interaction for three traits, we chose to study genetic diversity among cotton cultivars separately in each environment and investigate the interaction impact on the diversity among genotype pairs. Based on agronomical and technological performance and genetic diversity among cultivars in both environments, the most promising cross involves FM 910 and LD CV 02. We also observed that lint percentage and average boll weight presented a higher discrimination capacity in both environments.
Asunto(s)
Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Variación Genética , Gossypium/genética , Brasil , Gossypium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carácter Cuantitativo HeredableRESUMEN
Studying genetic diversity among a group of genotypes is important in genetic breeding because identifying hybrid combinations of greater heterotic effect also increases the chance of obtaining plants with favorable allele combinations in an intra-population selection program. The objective of this study was to compare different types of long and extra-long staple cotton and their genetic diversity in relation to the fiber traits and some agronomic traits in order to grant breeding programs. Diversity analysis among 29 cotton accessions based on qualitative and quantitative traits and joint including qualitative and quantitative traits was performed. Analysis based on qualitative and quantitative traits and joint met the accessions in three, two, and three groups, respectively. The cross between genotypes Giza 59 and Pima unknown was the most promising to generate segregating populations, comprising simultaneously resistance (based on molecular markers) to blue disease and bacterial blight, partial resistance to root-knot nematode, smaller size, in addition to good fiber characteristics. These populations can be used in recurrent selection programs as donors of alleles for development of long-staple cotton genotypes.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Gossypium/genética , Fenotipo , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Cruzamiento , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , GenotipoRESUMEN
The harmonic mean of the relative performance of genotypic predicted value (HMRPGV) method has been used to measure the genotypic stability and adaptability of various crops. However, its use in cotton is still restricted. This study aimed to use mixed models to select cotton genotypes that simultaneously result in longer fiber length, higher fiber yield, and phenotypic stability in both of these traits. Eight trials with 16 cotton genotypes were conducted in the 2008/2009 harvest in Mato Grosso State. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replicates of each of the 16 genotypes. In each trial, we evaluated fiber yield and fiber length. The genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased predictor method. Joint selection considering, simultaneously, fiber length, fiber yield, stability, and adaptability is possible with the HMRPGV method. Our results suggested that genotypes CNPA MT 04 2080 and BRS CEDRO may be grown in environments similar to those tested here and may be predicted to result in greater fiber length, fiber yield, adaptability, and phenotypic stability. These genotypes may constitute a promising population base in breeding programs aimed at increasing these trait values.
Asunto(s)
Gossypium/genética , Fibra de Algodón , Genotipo , Gossypium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Modelos Lineales , Modelos Genéticos , Selección GenéticaRESUMEN
With the changes in spinning technology, technological cotton traits, such as fiber length, fiber uniformity, fiber strength, fineness, fiber maturity, percentage of fibers, and short fiber index, are of great importance for selecting cotton genotypes. However, for accurate discrimination of genotypes, it is important that these traits are evaluated with the best possible accuracy. The aim of this study was to determine the number of measurements (repetitions) needed to accurately assess technological traits of cotton genotypes. Seven experiments were conducted in four Brazilian States (Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Goiás, and Mato Grosso do Sul). We used nine brown and two white colored fiber lines in a randomized block design with four replications. After verifying the assumptions of residual normality and homogeneity of variances, analysis of variance was performed to estimate the repeatability coefficient and calculating the number of repetitions. Trials with four replications were found to be sufficient to identify superior cotton genotypes for all measured traits except short fiber index with a selective accuracy >90% and at least 81% accuracy in predicting their actual value. These results allow more accurate and reliable results in future researches with evaluating technological traits in cotton genotypes.
Asunto(s)
Gossypium/genética , Fibra de Algodón , Genes de Plantas , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Gossypium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Modelos GenéticosRESUMEN
To date, path analysis has been used with the aim of breeding different cultures. However, for cotton, there have been few studies using this analysis, and all of these have used fiber productivity as the primary dependent variable. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify agronomic and technological properties that can be used as criteria for direct and indirect phenotypes in selecting cotton genotypes with better fibers. We evaluated 16 upland cotton genotypes in eight trials conducted during the harvest 2008/2009 in the State of Mato Grosso, using a randomized block design with four replicates. The evaluated traits were: plant height, average boll weight, percentage of fiber, cotton seed yield, fiber length, uniformity of fiber, short fiber index, fiber strength, elongation, maturity of the fibers, micronaire, reflectance, and the degree of yellowing. Phenotypic correlations between the traits and cotton fiber yield (main dependent variable) were unfolded in direct and indirect effects through path analysis. Fiber strength, uniformity of fiber, and reflectance were found to influence fiber length, and therefore, these traits are recommended for both direct and indirect selection of cotton genotypes.
Asunto(s)
Gossypium/genética , Mapeo Cromosómico , Fibra de Algodón , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Gossypium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fitomejoramiento , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Selección GenéticaRESUMEN
Seed cotton yield is a trait governed by multiple genes that cause changes in the performance of genotypes depending on the cultivation environment. Breeding programs examine the genotype x environment interaction (GE) using precise statistical methods, such as AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and GGE biplot (genotype main effects + genotype x environment interaction). The AMMI method combines the analysis of variance and principal components, to adjust the main effects (genotypes and environments) and the effects of GE interaction, respectively. The GGE biplot groups the genotype additive effect together with the multiplicative effect of the GE interaction, and submits both of these to the principal components analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the AMMI and GGE biplot methods and select cotton genotypes that simultaneously showed high productivity of seed cotton and stability in Mato Grosso environments. Trials were conducted with cotton cultivars in eight environments across Mato Grosso State in the 2008/2009 crop season. The experiment used a randomized block design with 16 genotypes and four replicates per genotype x environment combination. Data for seeds cotton productivity were analyzed by AMMI and GGE biplot methods. Both methods were concordant in the discrimination of environments and genotypes for phenotypic stability. The genotypes BRS ARAÇÁ and LD 05 CV had high seed cotton productivity and phenotypic stability, and could be grown in all environments across Mato Grosso State.
Asunto(s)
Cruzamiento , Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Gossypium/genética , Semillas/genética , Genotipo , Gossypium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fenotipo , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of aureocin A53, a staphylococcal antimicrobial peptide, for improving food safety. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antimicrobial activity of aureocin A53 against strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food was tested and the bacteriocin proved to be bactericidal and bacteriolytic against the listerial strains. Aureocin A53 was neither toxic to eukaryotic cell lines nor haemolytic against sheep erythrocytes. It also exhibited a remarkable stability during storage at different temperatures and sensitivity to both simulated gastric juice and bile salts. When the antibacterial activity of aureocin A53 (256 AU ml(-1) ) was tested in skimmed milk artificially inoculated with a L. monocytogenes strain (1·0 × 10(4) CFU ml(-1) ) isolated from food, during storage at 4°C, the bacteriocin reduced the viable counts by 7·7-log10 units up to 7 days of incubation, when compared with the controls not treated with the bacteriocin. CONCLUSIONS: Aureocin A53 exhibited several features considered important for biopreservation and remained fully active in a food matrix. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Taken together, the results confirmed that aureocin A53 has potential to be used as a food preservative, representing an alternative to the use of nisin in biopreservation of dairy products.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Leche/microbiología , Péptidos/farmacología , Animales , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos , Conservación de Alimentos/instrumentación , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Listeria monocytogenes/aislamiento & purificación , OvinosRESUMEN
The removal of ammonium (NH4(+)), nitrite (NO2(-)), nitrate (NO3(-)), and phosphate (PO4(-3)) in a closed silvofishery system was examined using three mangrove species (i.e., Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle). Specifically, six closed tanks were installed for this experiment with a population of 60 Dormitator latifrons fishes per tank. We planted 40 seedlings in each of three experimental tanks separated by species, while the remaining tanks were used as control. During 15 weeks, nutrient concentrations among the three mangrove systems presented no significant differences (P>0.05). However, nutrient removal variability was minimum during the last 2-5 weeks. Mangroves presented an average efficiency of 63% for the removal of NH4(+) and NO2(-). Contrary, the average removal potential of NO3(-) and PO4(-3) was 50%. Results from this study suggest that the three mangrove species could be used in a closed silvofishery systems for the biological removal of NH4(+), NO2(-), NO3(-), and PO4(-3).
Asunto(s)
Acuicultura , Avicennia/metabolismo , Biodegradación Ambiental , Combretaceae/metabolismo , Rhizophoraceae/metabolismo , Purificación del Agua , Animales , Perciformes , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismoRESUMEN
Atherosclerosis is morphologically an inflammatory disease, where endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in all the stages. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase 3 (NOS3) gene is responsible for the synthesis of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in humans and some genetic polymorphisms are considered "polymorphisms associated with risk" for the development of coronary artery diseases, such as acute coronary syndrome. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the -786T>C polymorphism of the eNOS gene on inflammatory and oxidative process. A prospective cohort study of 125 consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes was conducted. Patients were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were drawn to measure serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, soluble CD40 ligand, interleukin-6 (IL-6), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, immunoglobulin G antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein. The genotypes for the -786T>C polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region of eNOS gene were determined. The -786C allele was found in 92 of 250 alleles (38.8%). No statistical association was observed between demographic and clinical characteristics and distribution of eNOS-786T>C polymorphism. We found that -786CC was associated with lower levels of IL-6. No significant differences were observed between the distribution of -786T>C polymorphism and other investigated markers.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Anciano , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Psychotria is a complex genus whose neotropical species are known by the presence of glucosidic monoterpene indole alkaloids. These compounds are able to display a large range of effects on the central nervous system, such as anxiolytic, antidepressant, analgesic, and impairment of learning and memory acquisition. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects displayed by strictosidinic acid, isolated from Psychotria myriantha Mull. Arg. (Rubiaceae) leaves, on monoamine levels in rat hippocampus and on monoamine oxidase activity. A significance (p<0.01) of 83.5% reduction in 5-HT levels was observed after intra-hippocampal injection (20 µg/µl). After treatment by intraperitoneal route (10 mg/kg), a 63.4% reduction in 5-HT levels and a 67.4% reduction in DOPAC values were observed. The results indicate that strictosidinic acid seems to act on 5-HT system in rat hippocampus, possibly inhibiting precursor enzymes of 5-HT biosynthesis. The decrease verified in DOPAC levels suggests a role of strictosidinic acid in the dopaminergic transmission, probably due to an inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity, confirmed by the enzymatic assay, which demonstrated an inhibitory effect on MAO A in rat brain mitochondria.
Asunto(s)
Ácido 3,4-Dihidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Carbolinas/farmacología , Glicósidos/farmacología , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Monoaminooxidasa/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Psychotria/química , Serotonina/metabolismo , Animales , Carbolinas/administración & dosificación , Carbolinas/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/administración & dosificación , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Monoaminooxidasa/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de la Monoaminooxidasa/aislamiento & purificación , Inhibidores de la Monoaminooxidasa/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Serotonina/biosíntesis , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/administración & dosificación , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/aislamiento & purificación , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Nodular glomerulosclerosis may be idiopathic or develop associated with diabetes mellitus, membranoprolipherative glomerulonephritis, light or heavy chain deposits, amyloidosis, fibrillary or immunotactoide disease, and Takayasu's arteritis. Histological features of idiopathic nodular glomerulosclerosis are similar to the Kimmelstiel-Wilson changes. Recent evidence points to the role of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and smoking in the mechanisms of this uncommon condition. The case study of a 65-year-old male presenting recent arterial hypertension and nodular non-diabetic glomerulosclerosis is described, and the possible role of heavy smoking in the pathogenesis of this condition is emphasized.
Asunto(s)
Nefropatías Diabéticas/etiología , Dislipidemias/complicaciones , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Fumar/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
No âmbito da assistência farmacêutica está a distribuição e a verificação daqualidade dos medicamentos. Segundo reporta a literatura, o Brasil ocupao terceiro lugar no ranking latino-americano no uso de pílulas, no qual oacesso aos contraceptivos foi significativo com a instituição do Programade Assistência Integral à Saúde da Mulher(Paism). Em 2007, a Secretária deEstado da Saúde de São Paulo implantou o Programa de Monitoramento daQualidade de Contraceptivos, que avalia os medicamentos adquiridos e distribuídos Secretaria de Saúde. Este estudo visa demonstrar, por meio dos resultados obtidos, a qualidade desses contraceptivos. Os ensaios realizados seguiram os compêndios oficiais e as especificações dos fabricantes. Foram coletados dados de 154 amostras de contraceptivos, das quais 71% apresentaram resultados satisfatórios e 29% insatisfatórios. Esses achados desencadearam ações dos órgãos reguladores em tempo oportuno, como interdição cautelar e recolhimento dos lotes nos âmbitos estadual e nacional, quando pertinente, evidenciando a contribuição do monitoramento para a garantia de eficácia e segurança no uso desses medicamentos. Os desvios de qualidade inicialmente encontrados foramsuperados em análises de lotes posteriores. O monitoramento contínuo da qualidade serve de parâmetro para a aquisição de novos lotes. Tais achadostambém subsidiam a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária no saneamento do mercado farmacêutico brasileiro, a fim de evitar riscos sanitários, promovendo uma ação política e social de apoio ao controlevoluntário da reprodução
Asunto(s)
Anticonceptivos , Anticonceptivos/farmacología , Monitoreo de DrogasRESUMEN
Strictosidinic acid 10mg/kg, isolated from Psychotria myriantha leaves, were administered intraperitoneally to Wistar male rats (n=5-6). After 60 minutes, striatum was dissected, homogenized and injected onto HPLC-ED chromatographic system. It was observed a 28.7% reduction in the 5-HT levels followed up by an increase of 5-HIAA levels (29.4%). Furthermore there was a decrease of 8.0% in DA levels and an increase in the levels of metabolites DOPAC (21.5%) and HVA (52.5%). The results indicate that strictosidinic acid has a promising effect in the central nervous system, justifying more studies about the central actions of Psychotria compounds.
Asunto(s)
Carbolinas/farmacología , Cuerpo Estriado/efectos de los fármacos , Dopamina/metabolismo , Glicósidos/farmacología , Neurotransmisores/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Rubiaceae/química , Serotonina/metabolismo , Ácido 3,4-Dihidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Animales , Carbolinas/aislamiento & purificación , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Ácido Homovanílico/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Masculino , Neurotransmisores/administración & dosificación , Neurotransmisores/aislamiento & purificación , Fenilacetatos/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Serotonina/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
Recent studies on the P2X(7) receptor in 2BH4 cells and peritoneal macrophages have demonstrated that the raise in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration induces a pore opening similar to P2X(7) receptor pore. Herein, we have investigated whether the pore activated by the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration is associated to P2X(7) receptor. Using patch clamp in cell attached, whole cell configuration, and dye uptake, we measured the pore opening in cell types that express the P2X(7) receptor (2BH4 cells and peritoneal macrophages) and in cells that do not express this receptor (HEK-293 and IT45-RI cells). In 2BH4 cells, the stimulation with ionomycin (5-10 microM) increased intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration and induced pore formation with conductance of 421 +/- 14 pS, half-time (t(1/2)) for ethidium bromide uptake of 118 +/- 17 s, and t(1/2) for Lucifer yellow of 122 +/- 11 s. P2X(7) receptor antagonists did not block these effects. Stimulation of HEK-293 and IT45-RI cells resulted in pore formation with properties similar to those found for 2BH4 cells. Connexin hemichannel inhibitors (carbenoxolone and heptanol) also did not inhibit the pore-induced effect following the increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. However, 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)-amiloride, a P2X(7) receptor pore blocker, inhibited the induced pore. Moreover, intracellular signaling modulators, such as calmodulin, phospholipase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cytoskeleton components were important for the pore formation. Additionally, we confirmed the results obtained for electrophysiology by using the flow cytometry, and we discarded the possibility of cellular death induced by raising intracellular Ca(2+) at the doses used by using lactate dehydrogenase release assay. In conclusion, increased concentration in intracellular Ca(+2) induces a novel membrane pore pharmacologically different from the P2X(7) associated pore and hemigap-junction pore.
Asunto(s)
Señalización del Calcio/efectos de los fármacos , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Activación del Canal Iónico/efectos de los fármacos , Moduladores del Transporte de Membrana/farmacología , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Animales , Calmodulina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Supervivencia Celular , Conexinas/efectos de los fármacos , Conexinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/efectos de los fármacos , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Activadores de Enzimas/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Citometría de Flujo , Colorantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , Humanos , Ionomicina/farmacología , Ionóforos/farmacología , Cinética , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Potenciales de la Membrana , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp , Proteína Quinasa C/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismo , Ratas , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7 , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacología , Fosfolipasas de Tipo C/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fosfolipasas de Tipo C/metabolismoRESUMEN
This work presents the content of organochlorine (OCs) pesticides in sediments of both, agricultural drains from the Irrigation District 076, El Carrizo, Sinaloa, and of the adjacent coastal lagoon ecosystem of Agiabampo-Bacorehuis-Jitzamuri, located in northwest Mexico. A questionnaire was applied to the farmers of this irrigation district, to evaluate the usage of pesticides and to determine if banned OCs are still used. Around 31 tons of active ingredients were applied in the autumn-winter cycle (1997-1998). There were eighteen different pesticides; of them 61% are insecticides, 28% herbicides, 6% fungicides and 6% other compounds. Around 73% of the pesticides applied are organophosphorus, carbamates and sulfur, OCs are still applied and represent 4% of the total. All the pesticides applied in the irrigation district are authorized in the Official Pesticide Catalog, nevertheless forbidden and restricted compounds were detected in the sediment samples. The presence of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, lindane, delta-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD was recorded in the sediment sample. The analysis of the sediments suggest that the principal pesticides input to the coastal ecosystem is mainly through three of the seven agricultural drains, that collect the excess irrigation water and runoff from the district surface. A gradient of pesticide residues in sediments exists from the agricultural drains (52 ng OCs g(-1) dry weight) to the Jitzamuri bay (32 ng OCs g(-1) dry weight).
Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Insecticidas/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente , México , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
Analyses of pesticide residues in sediments, water and biota of the Altata-Ensenada del Pabellon coastal lagoon system in Sinaloa, Mexico, showed the presence of organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds. For all the compounds analysed, concentrations in sediments were higher near the points of water discharge from ponds and drainage from the agricultural area. Among the organochlorines, total DDTs displayed the largest sedimentary reservoir, followed by total endosulfans and chlorpyrifos. In sediments, as well as in biota, pp'-DDT concentrations were lower than those of DDT metabolites, which confirms the reduction in the previous massive use of this compound in agriculture. Endosulfan is currently used in the region and endosulfan residues in lagoon sediments attained levels considered to be toxic to meiofauna, therefore constituting an ecological risk to lagoon ecosystems. There was a large sedimentary reservoir of chlorpyrifos but its ecotoxicological risk is difficult to assess due to lack of adequate comparative data. Nevertheless, concentrations of chlorpyrifos which approach acute toxic levels for shrimp were recorded in lagoon water. This suggests that drainage from agricultural fields during high runoff may, on occasion, cause mass mortality of shrimp and fish Organophosphorus pesticides are widely regarded to degrade very rapidly in aquatic systems. Experimental research performed with 14C-labelled chlorpyrifos and parathion has shown that they may be stabilised for relatively long periods of time through sediment-water partitioning. This extension of their environmental half-lives increases their potential for impacting on coastal ecosystems. Since organophosphorus pesticides are highly toxic for aquatic organisms at concentrations generally lower than organochlorines, their presence in the lagoon water and sediment is a matter for much concern. The increased use of tropical coastal lagoons for shrimp and fish farming requires the implementation of environmental management practices to protect these ecosystems from the impact of agricultural activities. Environmental management aims to preserve the ecosystem integrity of these coastal lagoons and, through improving the water quality, to allow the development of aquaculture and reduce human exposure to pesticide residues in food.