RESUMEN
Increasing air pollution could undermine human health, but the causal link between air pollution and eye and ear health has not been well-studied. Based on four-week-level records of eye and ear health over 1991-2015 provided by the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we estimate the causal effect of air pollution on eye and ear health. Using two-stage least squares estimation, we find that eye or ear disease possibility rises 1.48% for a 10 µg/m3 increase in four-week average PM2.5 concentration. The impacts can last about 28 weeks and will be insignificant afterward. Females, individuals aged 60 years and over, with high exposure environments, relatively poor economic foundations, and low knowledge levels are more vulnerable to such negative influences. Behavioral channels like more smoking activities and less sleeping activities could partly explain this detrimental effect. Our findings enlighten how to minimize the impact of air pollution and protect public health.
RESUMEN
N-doped WO3 anchored on porous carbon (N-WO3/PNC) was synthesized as an efficient oxygen reduction catalyst. The N doping reduced the overpotential of WO3 during oxygen reduction. N-WO3/PNC displayed a half-wave potential of 0.85 V. An N-WO3/PNC-based zinc-air battery displayed a high power density of 209.7 mW cm-2.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is a relatively less invasive alternative treatment to cholecystostomy. However, the influence of the difficulty of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DLC) after PTGBD on clinical outcomes remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of DLC following PTGBD. METHODS: The clinical data of 113 patients diagnosed with moderate (grade II) acute cholecystitis according to the 2018 Tokyo Guidelines in the acute phase and who underwent DLC in our hospital from January 2018 to February 2022 were retrospectively collected and separated into two groups according to whether they received PTGBD treatment in the acute stage. The PTGBD group comprised 27 cases, and the no-PTGBD group included 86 cases. The TG18 difficulty score was used to evaluate every surgical procedure in the cases by reviewing the surgical videos. The clinical baseline characteristics and post-treatment outcomes were also evaluated. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant differences in length of postoperative stay, blood loss, operation time, and difficulty score. The PTGBD group showed a significantly longer postoperative stay and operation time, more blood loss, and a much higher difficulty score than the no-PTGBD group. Conversion rates did not differ. The morbidity rate in the PTGBD group was statistically higher. CONCLUSIONS: PTGBD is an efficient way to relieve the symptoms of acute cholecystitis. However, it may increase the difficulty and complications of DLC.