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CONTEXT: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex, severe inflammation disease with high mortality, and there is no specific and effective treatment for ALI. Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan (QFXYW) has been widely used to treat lung-related diseases for centuries. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the potential effects and elucidates the therapeutic mechanism of QFXYW against LPS induced ALI in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c Mice in each group were first orally administered medicines (0.9% saline solution for the control group, 0.5 mg/kg Dexamethasone, or 1.3, 2.6, 5.2 g/kg QFXYW), after 4 h, the groups were injected LPS (1.0 mg/kg) to induce ALI, then the same medicines were administered repeatedly. The transcriptomics-based system pharmacological analyses were applied to screen the hub genes, RT-PCR, ELISA, and protein array assay was applied to verify the predicted hub genes and key pathways. RESULTS: QFXYW significantly decreased the number of leukocytes from (6.34 ± 0.51) × 105/mL to (4.01 ± 0.11) × 105/mL, accompanied by the neutrophil from (1.41 ± 0.19) × 105/mL to (0.77 ± 0.10) × 105/mL in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Based on Degree of node connection (Degree) and BottleNeck (BN), important parameters of network topology, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network screened hub genes, including IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, TLR2, CXCL1, and MMP-9. The results of RT-PCR, ELISA, and protein chip assay revealed that QFXYW could effectively inhibit ALI via multiple key targets and the cytokine-cytokine signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that QFXYW decreased the number of leukocytes and neutrophils by attenuating inflammatory response, which provides an important basis for the use of QFXYW in the treatment of ALI.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan (QFXYW), a traditional Chinese formula, has been shown to exert anti-asthma effects and immune response in multiple diseases. AIM OF THIS STUDY: In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic mechanism of QFXYW in the suppression of allergic asthma by integrating of transcriptomics and system pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to establish the allergic asthma model, and its success was confirmed with behavioral observations. Lung histopathological analysis, inflammatory pathology scores, transcription factors were used to evaluate the effects of QFXYW on allergic asthma. The therapeutic mechanism of QFXYW in treating allergic asthma through integrated transcriptomics and system pharmacology was then determined: hub genes were screened out by topological analysis and functional enrichment analysis were performed to identify key signaling pathway. Subsequently, quantitative RP-PCR and protein array were performed to detect the mRNA of hub genes and to predict the key pathway in OVA-induced allergic asthma, respectively. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that QFXYW could significantly attenuate inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus secretion, and epithelial damage. The transcriptomics analysis found the six hub genes with the highest values- CXCL10, CXCL2, CXCL1, IL-6, CCL-5, and CCL-4 were screened out. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in the inflammatory response and cytokine signaling pathway. Moreover, the quantitative RT-PCR verification experiment found the CXCL2 and CXCL1 were significantly suppressed after treatment with QFXYW. The results of protein array showed that QFXYW inhibited the multi-cytokines of OVA-induced allergic asthma via cytokine signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: QFXYW may have mediated OVA-induced allergic asthma mainly through the hub genes CXCL2, CXCL1, and the cytokine signaling pathway. This finding will offer a novel strategy to explore effective and safe mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula to treat allergic asthma.

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The main pathological feature of atherosclerosis is lipid metabolism disorder and inflammation. Macrophages, as the most important immune cells in the body, run through the beginning and end of disease development. After macrophages overtake the atherosclerosis-susceptible area apolipoprotein low-density lipoprotein ox-LDL, they transform into foam cells that adhere to blood vessels and recruit a large number of pro-inflammatory factors to initiate the disease. Promoting the outflow of lipids in foam cells and alleviating inflammation have become the basic ideas for the study of atherosclerosis treatment strategies. The polarization of macrophages refers to the estimation of the activation of macrophages at a specific point in space and time. Determining the proportion of different macrophage phenotypes in the plaque can help identify delay or prevent disease development. However, the abnormal polarization of macrophages and the accumulation of lipid also affect the growth state of cells to some extent, thus aggravate the influence on plaque area and stability. Besides, overactive or deficient autophagy of macrophages may also lead to cell death and participate in lipid metabolism and inflammation regression. In this paper, the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis was discussed from three aspects: polarization, death, and autophagy.

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Tianma Gouteng Decoction (TGD) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hypertension and its related complications, but its mechanisms remain incompletely defined. We now aim to assess the protective effect of TGD against cardiovascular damage and to investigate its characteristics and underlying mechanisms. Blood pressure was determined in TGD-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by noninvasive measurements. Echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function and structure and sirius red staining to evaluate cardiac fibrosis, and the degree of vascular remodeling was evaluated. Additionally, vasoconstriction and relaxation factor expression changes were examined by means of ELISA. Protein expression changes were verified by western blot. Compared with untreated SHR, TGD-treated SHR exhibited cardiovascular traits more akin to those of the normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. That is, they had lower diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and mean BP, and increased expression of vasodilation factor. We also found that TGD reduces ventricular and vascular remodeling and improves cardiac function in SHR. Finally, we tested the antiapoptosis effect TGD exerts in SHR, ostensibly by upregulating the expression of OPG, TRAIL, and death receptor 5 (DR5) and downregulating caspases 8, 7, and 3. TRAIL may also exert antiapoptotic and prosurvival effects by upregulating AKT expression. Therefore, TGD may reverse cardiovascular remodeling in SHR by upregulating the expression of OPG and TRAIL, upregulating AKT, and inhibiting apoptosis, at least in part. For the first time, we have shown that OPG and TRAIL play complimentary cardioprotective roles in SHR.

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A phytochemical study on the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia was carried out, which finally led to obtain two naphthalenes (1 and 2), two naphthopyrans (3 and 4) and twelve anthraquinones (5-16). The structures of all compounds were established mainly by NMR and MS experiments as well as the necessary chemical evidence. Among them, 1 and 2 (obtusinaphthalensides A and B) were identified to be new naphthalene glycosides.

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Two new labdane-type diterpenes, named viterotulin C (1) and vitexilactone D (2), together with five known diterpenes (3-7), were isolated from the fruits of Vitex trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham. Their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data. All the compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in HEK 293 cell line. These compounds presented inhibition on TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, with inhibition rates ranging from 42.52 ± 10.69% to 68.86 ± 10.76% at the concentration of 50 µM.

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A continuous phytochemical study on the seeds of Senna obtusifolia (Syn.: Cassia obtusifolia) led to the isolation of a new anthraquinone analogue, obtusifolin-2-O-ß-D-(6'-O-α,ß-unsaturated butyryl)-glucopyranoside (1) and a new eurotinone analogue, epi-9-dehydroxyeurotinone-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2). Their structures were established mainly by NMR and MS experiments as well as the necessary chemical evidences. Their inhibitory effects on two organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3) were investigated and the results showed that 1 exhibited a strongly specific inhibitory effect on OAT1 at 100 µM.

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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription is the main therapies for disease prevention and treatment in Chinese medicine. Following the guidance of the theory of TCM and developing drug by composing prescriptions of TCM materials and pieces, it is a traditional application mode of TCM, and still widely used in clinic. TCM prescription has theoretical advantages and rich clinical application experience in dealing with multi-factor complex diseases, but scientific research is relatively weak. The lack of scientific cognition of the effective substances and mechanism of Chinese medicine leads to insufficient understanding of the efficacy regularity, which affects the stability of effect and hinders the improvement of quality of Chinese medicinal products. Component-based Chinese medicine (CCM) is an innovation based on inheritance, which breaks through the tradition of experience-based prescription and realize the transformation of compatibility from herbal pieces to components. CCM is an important achievement during the research process of modernization of Chinese medicine. Under the support of three national "973" projects, in order to reveal the scientific connotation of the prescription compatibility theory and develop innovative Chinese drugs, we have launched theoretical innovation and technological innovation around the "two relatively clear", and opened up the research field of CCM. CCM is an innovation based on inheritance, breaking through the tradition of experience based prescription, and realizing the transformation from compatibility of herbal pieces to component compatibility, which is an important achievement of the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. In the past more than 10 years, with the deepening of research and the expansion of application, the theory and methods of CCM and efficacy-oriented compatibility have been continuously improved. The value of CCM is not only in developing new drug, more important is to build a communication bridge between traditional Chinese medicine and modern science and construct the system of key technologies which meet the need of innovation and development of TCM. This paper focused on the research progress, related concepts and technology development of CCM, as well as its application prospect in the theory research of Chinese medicine, development of innovative Chinese drugs, secondary development of Chinese patent medicine and upgrading of pharmaceutical technology.

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Although Danhong injection (DHI) is the most widely prescribed Chinese medicine for both stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD), its underlying common molecular mechanisms remain unclear. An integrated network pharmacology and experimental verification approach was used to decipher common pharmacological mechanisms of DHI on stroke and CAD treatment. A compound-target-disease & function-pathway network was constructed and analyzed, indicating that 37 ingredients derived from DH (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Flos Carthami tinctorii and DHI) modulated 68 common targets shared by stroke and CAD. In-depth network analysis results of the top diseases, functions, pathways and upstream regulators implied that a common underlying mechanism linking DHI's role in stroke and CAD treatment was inflammatory response in the process of atherosclerosis. Experimentally, DHI exerted comprehensive anti-inflammatory effects on LPS, ox-LDL or cholesterol crystal-induced NF-κB, c-jun and p38 activation, as well as IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-10 secretion in vascular endothelial cells. Ten of 14 predicted ingredients were verified to have significant anti-inflammatory activities on LPS-induced endothelial inflammation. DHI exerts pharmacological efficacies on both stroke and CAD through multi-ingredient, multi-target, multi-function and multi-pathway mode. Anti-endothelial inflammation therapy serves as a common underlying mechanism. This study provides a new understanding of DHI in clinical application on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

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It has become apparent that gut microbiota is closely associated with cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), and alteration in microbiome compositions is also linked to the host environment. Next generation sequencing (NGS) has facilitated in-depth studies on the effects of herbal medicine and functional food on gut microbiota. Both herbal medicine and functional food contain fiber, polyphenols and polysaccharides, exerting prebiotics-like activities in the prevention and treatment of CMDs. The administrations of herbal medicine and functional food lead to increased the abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, and genus Akkermansia, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Prevotella, while reducing phylum Firmicutes and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in gut. Both herbal medicine and functional food interact with gut microbiome and alter the microbial metabolites including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are now correlated with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition, trimethylamine (TMA)-N-oxide (TMAO) is recently linked to atherosclerosis (AS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. Moreover, gut-organs axes may serve as the potential strategy for treating CMDs with the intervention of herbal medicine and functional food. In summary, a balance between herbal medicine and functional food rich in fiber, polyphenols and polysaccharides plays a vital role in modulating gut microbiota (phylum Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and genus Akkermansia, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Prevotella) through SCFAs, BAs, LPS and TMAO signaling regarding CMDs. Targeting gut-organs axes may serve as a new therapeutic strategy for CMDs by herbal medicine and functional food in the future. This review aims to summarize the balance between herbal medicine and functional food utilized for the prevention and treatment of CMDs through modulating gut microbiota.

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Recent studies suggest an anti-inflammatory activity of oxyresveratrol, a stilbene extracted from Cortex mori root used in traditional Chinese medicine that also presents estrogen-like activity. We herein tested the hypothesis that oxyreservatrol exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through its estrogenic-like function. In MCF-7 cells, oxyresveratrol significantly induced proliferation, which was accompanied with estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated transcriptional activation, increased estrogen-targeted gene expression (e.g., pS2, PGR, and CTSD), and increased ERα/ß proteins. The estrogen-like effect of oxyresveratrol was reversed by the ER inhibitor ICI 182780. Strong ER-binding activities of oxyresveratrol were revealed by negative docking scores. The LPS-induced inflammatory response (e.g., upregulated IκB-α phosphorylation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and cytokine messenger RNA expression) was significantly suppressed in an ER-dependent manner by oxyresveratrol in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that oxyresveratrol may function as an ER agonist and modulate NF-κB signaling.

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The genus Vitex, which belongs to the Verbenaceae family, includes approximately 250 species. Some species of the genus Vitex have traditionally been used for the treatment of headaches, ophthalmodynia, coughs, asthma, premenopausal syndrome, etc. Chemical investigations indicate that the characteristic constituents of the genus Vitex are terpenes, and 210 of these compounds, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids, have been obtained from 12 species. Pharmacological studies had shown that these terpenes possess anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant activities, and so on. In this paper, the identity of these terpenes and their pharmacological effects are reviewed, which can provide references for further research regarding the chemistry and utilization of the Vitex species.

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BACKGROUND: Menopause is characterized by a decrease in life quality due to the appearance of uncomfortable symptoms. Nowadays, Understanding menopause-associated pathophysiology and developing new strategies to improve the treatment of menopausal-associated symptoms is an important issue. Our study was to evaluate the synergistic effects of Danshen (salvia miltiorrhiza bunge) and the phytoestrogenic effects of 3 modified Qing E formulas, to explore a better formula for menopausal disorders. METHODS: 100 rats were randomized into 5 groups: Sham (Sham operation group), OVX (model group of ovariectomized rat), BDL (group with low concentration of Qing E Formula), BDH (group with high concentration of Qing E Formula) and BDD (group with high concentration of Qing E Formula Plus Danshen), receiving vehicle and extract of different modified Qing E formula respectively. The food intake, body weight, uterus weight, blood levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and cholesterol fractions were assessed. The mammary glands and uterus were morphologically analyzed. The bone density of tibias were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Additionally, luciferase induction assays were performed in Hela cells with the mixtures derived from Qing E formula plus Danshen (BDD). RESULTS: Qing E formula plus Danshen significantly increased the uterus wet weight, enhanced the thickness of uterine wall, endometrial epithelium and glandular epithelium, improved trabecular bone and total density evidently, reduced the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TG, possessed notable estrogen receptor beta (ERß) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist activity. CONCLUSION: Qing E formula plus Danshen exerted more evident estrogen-like effects, thus it has a potential therapeutic use to treat menopausal disorders.

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Sex hormone estrogen is one of the most active intrinsic angiogenesis regulators; its therapeutic use has been limited due to its carcinogenic potential. Plant-derived phytoestrogens are attractive alternatives, but reports on their angiogenic activities often lack in-depth analysis and sometimes are controversial. Herein, we report a data-mining study with the existing literature, using IPA system to classify and characterize phytoestrogens based on their angiogenic properties and pharmacological consequences. We found that pro-angiogenic phytoestrogens functioned predominantly as cardiovascular protectors whereas anti-angiogenic phytoestrogens played a role in cancer prevention and therapy. This bidirectional regulation were shown to be target-selective and, for the most part, estrogen-receptor-dependent. The transactivation properties of ERα and ERß by phytoestrogens were examined in the context of angiogenesis-related gene transcription. ERα and ERß were shown to signal in opposite ways when complexed with the phytoestrogen for bidirectional regulation of angiogenesis. With ERα, phytoestrogen activated or inhibited transcription of some angiogenesis-related genes, resulting in the promotion of angiogenesis, whereas, with ERß, phytoestrogen regulated transcription of angiogenesis-related genes, resulting in inhibition of angiogenesis. Therefore, the selectivity of phytoestrogen to ERα and ERß may be critical in the balance of pro- or anti-angiogenesis process.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of ginsenoside Rb1 (Gs-Rb1) in cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury and to explore whether the cardioprotective action is mediated via attenuating the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). METHODS: A Langendorff-perfused model of rat heart was employed. I/R injury was induced by breaking off perfusion for 40 min then reperfusion for 60 min. Gs-Rb1 (100 µmol/L) were administrated for 10 min before I/R. Infarct size was estimated by the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) released from effluents were measured. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to assess morphological difference between cardiac mitochondrial isolated from I/R rats and Gs-Rb1 pretreated rats. Western blot analysis was used to determine phosphorylation of protein kinase B/Akt, and its downstream target glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK-3ß). Incubation isolated cardiac mitochondria with Gs-Rb1, Ca2+-induced opening of the mPTP was assessed by the reduction of absorbance at 520 nm (A520). Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia 9 h followed by reoxygenation 4 h to induce H/R injury. After pretreated with different concentration of Gs-Rb1 (6.25, 25, 100 µmol/L ), cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The membrane potential was estimated by Rh123 fluorescence. mPTP opening was measured using the probe calcein-AM. RESULTS: Gs-Rb1 100 µmol/L significantly reduced the infarct size of hearts (26.39%±11.67% vs. I/R group 56.68%±5.88%, P<0.01). Compared with the I/R group, Gs-Rb1 pretreatment decreased LDH and CK levels in the coronary effluent (P<0.05 or P<0.01) as well as attenuated destructive ultrastructure induced by I/R. The protective effect of Gs-Rb1 involved in phosphorylating protein kinase B/PKB (Akt) and GSK-3ß. In mitochondria isolated from rat hearts, significant inhibition of Ca2+-induced swelling was observed in samples that were pretreated with Gs-Rb1 (6.25, 25, 100, 400 µmol/L) for 10 min. When cardiomyocytes were isolated from neonatal rat and subjected to H/R, cell viability was increased with treatment of Gs-Rb1 (6.25, 25, 100 µmol/L ). Gs-Rb1 inhibited mPTP opening and restored subsequent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSION: Gs-Rb1 presents cardioprotective effect against I/R or H/R injury which involves in activating Akt, phosphorylating GSK-3ß and inhibiting mPTP opening.

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OBJECTIVE: The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine granules Danzhi Qing'e formula (DZQE), Erzhi formula (EZ), and their combination (Combined formula) in the treatment of menopausal symptoms at different stages of menopause. METHODS: Women between the ages of 40 to 60 years, who met menopausal symptoms diagnostic criteria and experienced hot flushes at least 14 times/week in the last 4 weeks, were recruited to participate in a stratified randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (n = 389). They received a treatment period of 8 weeks and were followed up for 4 weeks. Participants were categorized into two subgroups: 197 in the perimenopausal subgroup (menstrual disorder to 1 y after amenorrhea) and 192 in the early postmenopausal subgroup (1-5 y after amenorrhea). Participants were randomly assigned to placebo or one of the three herbal formula treatments. The primary outcome instrument was the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire. RESULTS: When analyzing the two subgroups together, DZQE markedly decreased the MENQOL total score at the end of 12th week with statistical significance (P = 0.02) and improved vasomotor symptoms after 8 weeks treatment and 4 weeks follow-up (P < 0.05). What is more, the combined formula also greatly improved the participants' vasomotor symptoms compared with placebo after the 4 weeks follow-up. No statistically meaningful difference was observed in any other outcomes among the groups. The results of subgroup analysis showed that DZQE and Combined formula were more effective than placebo in improving MENQOL total score for perimenopausal women at the end of week 12. For typical menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes and night sweats, DZQE displayed more favorable effects on early postmenopausal participants. Compared to placebo, the DZQE both showed statistically significant differences after 8 weeks treatment and 4 weeks follow-up. Although at the end of 12th week, DZQE also had better effects than placebo in the perimenopausal subgroup on vasomotor symptoms. Participants in the EZ group did not show a significant difference of any domains in MENQOL compared with participants in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: The DZQE formula improves the quality of life for menopausal women, especially for those with vasomotor symptoms during the whole menopausal period. The DZQE and EZ combination formula is effective only on perimenopausal symptoms.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Danhong injection (DHI), a Chinese medical product extracted from Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Labiatae, Danshen in Chinese) and Flos Carthami (Carthamus tinctorius L., Compositae, Honghua in Chinese), has been widely used for the treatment of ischemic heart disease, and clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the protective effects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nevertheless, the underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for this protective effect are poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to examine the mechanism of DHI in regulating hypoxia/reoxygenation- and H2O2-induced cardiomyocytes injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia (9h)-reoxygenation (2h) or H2O2 (100 µM) in the presence or absence of DHI (2.5, 5, 10 µg/mL). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were monitored using CMH2DCFDA, Fluo-4 and rhod-2, JC-1 and calcein, respectively. Cell survival was evaluated using the 2-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 -diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. RESULTS: DHI improved cell survival following H/R and H2O2 injury and reduced H/R-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis when compared with non-DHI treated cells. In addition, DHI attenuated H/R-induced ROS generation, H2O2-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload, and cellular ROS generation when compared with H/R- and H2O2-only groups. Moreover, DHI significantly inhibited both mPTP opening and ΔΨm depolarization. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that the protective mechanism of DHI against H/R- and H2O2-induced injury is mediated by the inhibition of mPTP opening via mitigating Ca(2+) overload and ROS generation.

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Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare mesenchymal tumor, it can also be found on the trunk, head and neck, internal organs, and soft tissue. It has been named as inflammatory pseudotumor, plasma cell granuloma, solitary mast cell tumor, pseudotumor pneumonia and tissue cells, and other inflammatory pseudotumor. The main treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor patients is through surgical complete excision of the lesion.

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Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (PLAM) is a rare disease, occurs in 16-68-year-old women, especially in women of childbearing age. High-resolution computed tomography would be useful for diagnosis of PLAM. Immunohistochemistry of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and HMB-45 smooth muscle cells was positive for smooth muscle cells. Progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor in some smooth muscle cells were positive for some smooth muscle cells. HMB-45-positive diagnosis of the disease is more important.

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