RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Undoubtedly, adhesion is one of the broadest terms in science and technology used to describe several bulk and interface related phenomena. While the thermodynamic work of adhesion is determined by contacting surfaces and their intrinsic surface energetics, it is important to understand how adhesive properties of materials are additionally governed and amplified by their dissipative rate processes in the bulk or near the interface as they go through large strains and deformation. METHODS: Systematic review of the literature showed that the involved interfacial mechanisms were grouped into several categories ranging from micromechanical interlocking to molecular interdiffusion of surface constituents, a characteristic of most polymeric systems. RESULTS: This paper addressed the static and dynamic contributions to the adhesion energy and discussed its relation to microstructure and surface architecture in pressure sensitive and fracture in structural adhesives. While the focus was on industrial view of adhesion, parallels in adhesive dentistry were given where connections between adhesion, boundary geometry/compliance, shrinkage stress, material model, joint design, retention, and interfacial curing were made. CONCLUSIONS: Adhesion science and mechanics are complex multi-disciplinary fields involving surfaces, substrates, and loading system involving a broad range of mechanisms applicable to dentistry.
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Cementos Dentales , Propiedades de Superficie , Resistencia a la TracciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: In order to improve the short-comings of glass ionomers such as polishability and esthetics while preserving their excellent clinical bonding effectiveness, nanofiller technology has been introduced in a paste-paste resin-modified glass ionomer (nano-filled RMGI, Ketac Nano, KN, 3M ESPE). One objective of this study was to investigate if the introduction of nanotechnology had any significant effect on the setting reaction of the nanoionomer compared to a control RMGI, Vitremer (VM, 3M ESPE). Another objective was to determine the mechanism of bonding of KN in combination with its primer (KNP) to the tooth. METHODS: Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were performed on KN and VM during the setting of the GIs. FTIR and XPS were also used to study the reaction of the primer of KN (KNP) with hydroxyapatite (HAP). Shear adhesion to dentin and enamel was measured with KN and compared with several RMGIs and one conventional glass ionomers (CGI). The interfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: FTIR data show that KN undergoes both acid-base and methacrylate setting reactions of classical RMGIs. XPS and FTIR studies of the interaction KNP with HAP shows the formation of calcium-polycarboxylate bond. Shear adhesion and failure mode of KN to enamel and dentin were similar to the other RMGIs and CGI. SEM images of KN with tooth structure showed a tight interface with a thin but distinct layer of 2-3 microns attributed to the primer. This was also observed for VM but not for the other three materials. CONCLUSIONS: KN showed two setting reactions expected in true RMGIs. The adhesion with dentin and enamel was similar to other glass-ionomers. The formation of calcium-polycarboxylate was also evident. This chemical bonding is a significant factor in the excellent long-term adhesion of these materials.
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Cementos de Ionómero Vítreo , Nanotecnología , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To compare the long-term fluoride release kinetics of a novel nano-filled two-paste resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI), Ketac Nano (KN) with that of two powder-liquid resin-modified glass-ionomers, Fuji II LC (FLC) and Vitremer (VT) and one conventional glass-ionomer, Fuji IX (FIX). METHODS: Fluoride release was measured in vitro using ion-selective electrodes. Kinetic analysis was done using regression analysis and compared with existing models for GIs and compomers. In a separate experiment the samples of KN and two conventional glass-ionomers, FIX and Ketac Molar (KM) were subjected to a treatment with external fluoride source (Oral-B Neutra-Foam) after 3 months of fluoride release and the recharge behavior studied for an additional 7-day period. RESULTS: The cumulative amount of fluoride released from KN, VT and FLC and the release profiles were statistically similar but greater than that for FIX at P < 0.05. All four materials, including KN, showed a burst of fluoride ions at shorter times (t) and an overall rate dependence on t1/2 typical for glass-ionomers. The coating of KN with its primer and of DY with its adhesive did not significantly alter the fluoride release behavior of the respective materials. The overall rate for KN was significantly higher than for the compomer DY. DY showed a linear rate of release vs. t and no burst effect as expected for compomers. The nanoionomer KN showed fluoride recharge behavior similar to the conventional glass ionomers FIX and KM. Thus, it was concluded that the new RMGI KN exhibits fluoride ion release behavior similar to typical conventional and RMGIs and that the primer does not impede the release of fluoride.