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BACKGROUND: Selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). However, the effect of NSAIDs on blood pressure (BP) in children has not been rigorously examined. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, multicenter, active-controlled, 6-week trial, the safety and efficacy of celecoxib (50 mg twice daily [bid] or 100 mg bid) or naproxen (7.5 mg/kg bid) was evaluated in patients aged 2-17 years with JIA. RESULTS: The least squares (LS) mean difference (celecoxib - naproxen) in change from baseline to week 6/final visit in systolic BP was 1.10 (90% confidence interval, -0.56, 2.76). No significant LS mean differences in diastolic BP relative to baseline were reported. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 48% of patients in each treatment group. CONCLUSION: Both celecoxib and naproxen had no impact on BP, and both treatments had comparable safety profiles. Celecoxib, or naproxen, could be seen as suitable treatment options for pediatric patients with JIA.

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Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipose tissue. Unlike other adipocytokines produced by adipose tissue, adiponectin appears to have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-atherogenic properties. Although secreted solely by adipose tissue, plasma levels of adiponectin are generally negatively related to total adipose mass; with higher plasma adiponectin levels in lean individuals and lower adiponectin levels in obese individuals. Plasma concentrations of adiponectin are lower in patients with insulin resistance compared to insulin sensitive patients; and lower in patients with diabetes compared to non-diabetics. A similar inverse relationship of plasma adiponectin level has been reported with hypertension (HTN), blood pressure level, and albuminuria. However, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) marked elevations in plasma adiponectin concentrations have been described. Plasma adiponectin levels are markedly elevated among patients with end-stage renal disease and are lower following kidney transplantation. Considering the inverse relationship of plasma adiponectin with renal function, the cardiovascular protective role of adiponectin in patients with CKD remains controversial. Further research on the distribution and function of different circulating fractions of adiponectin in patients with CKD will be needed in order to determine if adiponectin is a useful biomarker in patients with CKD.

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Microalbuminuria is considered a marker of heightened risk for cardiovascular events. We examined cardiovascular risk factors, including inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in a cross-sectional study of African Americans aged 18-49 years. Measurements included a timed overnight urine collection for UAE, blood pressure (BP), body mass index, glucose, lipids, insulin and inflammatory cytokines. Non-normally distributed variables were log transformed for analysis using multiple linear regressions. Data were obtained from 488 participants with mean age 37.8 years; 50% were obese, 42% had hypertension. Log UAE correlated significantly with systolic BP (SBP) (geometric mean ratio=1.011; 95% confidence interval 1.003-1.019). When subjects were stratified into four UAE groups, the only variables significantly different between groups were SBP (P=0.013) and diastolic BP (P=0.036). There were no statistically significant associations with obesity, metabolic parameters, insulin resistance or any inflammatory cytokines identified. In young, relatively healthy, African Americans, BP level is significantly associated with levels of UAE even below the threshold for microalbuminuria. The presence of diabetes and insulin resistance in the absence of high BP did not seem to contribute significantly to UAE in this cohort.

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Las directrices recientes para la presión arterial (PA)infantil designan la categoría de prehipertensión, definidacomo una PA sistólica o diastólica superior alpercentil 90 e inferior al 95 por edad, sexo y estatura.En la infancia una PA por encima del percentil 95 sedefine como hipertensión (HTA). Dado que en losadolescentes el percentil 90 supera el umbral de los120/80 mmHg, utilizado en adultos para definirpreHTA dicho valor se utiliza como punto de corte inferiorpara la preHTA en los adolescentes. Debido a lavariabilidad inherente de la PA en los jóvenes es necesariorealizar varias mediciones para determinarcon exactitud el estado de la misma. La preHTA en lainfancia, al igual que en la edad adulta, requiere esfuerzosde prevención mediante cambios en el estilode vida respecto a dieta, control de peso y actividadfísica (AU)

Recent guidelines for blood pressure (BP) in childreninclude the category of prehypertension, defined assystolic or diastolic BP between the 90th and 95thpercentiles for the patient’s age, sex, and stature. Duringchildhood, BP above the 95th percentile is consideredhypertension. In adolescents, the 90th percentilesurpasses the threshold of 120/80 mmHg used todefine prehypertension in adults, so this value is usedas the lower cutoff for prehypertension in adolescents.Due to the inherent variability of BP in young people,it is necessary to measure BP several times to determineBP precisely. Prehypertension in childhood, as inadults, requires preventive measures including changesin diet, weight control, and physical activity (AU)

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Blood pressure in children has consistently been related to adult blood pressure, with implications for long-term prevention of cardiovascular disease. The epidemic of obesity in children has resulted in corresponding increases in childhood blood pressure. In this paper, the authors develop norms for childhood blood pressure among normal-weight children (body mass index <85th percentile based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines) as a function of age, sex, and height, using data from 49,967 children included in the database of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (the Pediatric Task Force). The authors considered three types of models for pediatric blood pressure data, including polynomial regression, restricted cubic splines, and quantile regression, with the latter providing the best fit. The sex-specific norms presented here are a nonlinear function of both age and height and are generally slightly lower than previously developed norms based on Pediatric Task Force data including both normal-weight and overweight children.

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BACKGROUND: Although it is widely recognized that there are familial elements in the pathogenesis of hypertension, remarkably little is known about the influence of family history on response to specific antihypertensive agents. METHODS: This study was designed to address that issue by comparing the depressor response to lisinopril in a dose range of 10 to 40 mg in 74 patients enrolled as sibling pairs. Because all patients were treated with lisinopril, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), an objective measure not influenced by the investigators, was used to assess the primary blood pressure (BP) outcome variable. RESULTS: Diastolic BP was highly correlated between sibling pairs at baseline (r = 0.476; P < .03) and on treatment (r = 0.524; P = .0021). Ethnicity/race had a striking influence on lisinopril dose and response rate. Among African American patients, 23 of 28 reached the top dose of 40 mg/day, whereas only 14 of 36 Caucasian patients reached that dose level. Among Caucasians, 92% responded, and only 48% of African Americans. Responders were characterized by being younger and heavier, having significantly lower microalbuminuria at baseline, higher baseline renal plasma flow (RPF), and higher urinary kallikrein. CONCLUSION: Among Caucasians, the presence of a hypertensive sibling predicts a striking therapeutic response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine if blood pressure (BP) level is associated with dietary micronutrients in adolescents at risk for hypertension. DESIGN: Adolescents aged 14 to 16 years, with BP higher than the 90th percentile on 2 separate measurements in a school setting, had diet assessments. A 24-hour intake recall was obtained on 180 students (108 boys and 72 girls). Folic acid intake was used as an index of fruit, vegetable, and whole grain intake; the high folate group had a folate intake greater than the recommended daily allowance and the low folate group had a folate intake less than the recommended daily allowance. Data were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Mean diastolic BP was significantly higher in the low folate vs the high folate group (boys: 72 vs. 67 mm Hg; girls: 76 vs. 73 mm Hg; P =.008). The difference in systolic blood pressure was not significant. There was no difference in body mass index between the diet groups. Sodium intake per 4184 kJ was not different. The low folate group had significantly lower intakes per 4184 kJ of potassium (P =.002), calcium (P = .001), magnesium (P<.001), and total intake of beta carotene, cholecalciferol, vitamin E, and all B vitamins. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents at risk for hypertension, BP was lower in those with higher intakes of a combination of nutrients, including potassium, calcium, magnesium, and vitamins. Dietary benefits on BP observed on diets rich in a combination of nutrients derived from fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products could contribute to primary prevention of hypertension when instituted at an early age.

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BACKGROUND: African American women have disproportionately high rates of myocardial infarction and stroke. Left ventricular hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Increases in left ventricular mass (LVM) may precede the expression of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LVM is related to cardiovascular risk variables in healthy, premenopausal African American women. METHODS: Normotensive or borderline hypertensive nondiabetic African American women (N = 52; mean age, 31 years) underwent anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, oral glucose tolerance test, euglycemic clamp, fasting lipid profile, and two-dimensional echocardiography. LVM was calculated by the cube root formula and adjusted for height [LVM index (LVMI)]. RESULTS: LVMI correlated with body mass index (r = .36, P = 0.009), systolic blood pressure (r = .44, P = 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (r = .43, P = 0.002), and central body fat (r = .42, P = 0.002). LVMI also directly correlated with lipoprotein (a) (r = .34, P = 0.02). Significant independent relationships of other metabolic variables with LVMI were not detected. DISCUSSION: These data show that increased LVMI is associated with body mass index and central obesity, but not with lipids, insulin resistance, or insulin sensitivity. LVMI is also associated with blood pressure before the expression of severe hypertension in healthy, premenopausal African American women.

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In Caucasian hypertensives and diabetics, increased RBC sodium-lithium countertransporter activity (SLC) is a marker for end-organ complications of vascular disease. A subgroup of African Americans with high Vmax for SLC show strong correlations with dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, microalbuminuria and higher blood pressure. The purpose of our study was to determine if Vmax in premenopausal African American women correlates with left ventricular mass (LVM) before the onset of clinically diagnosed hypertension. Non-diabetic African American women (n = 35, mean age 31 years) were evaluated for cardiovascular disease risk factors, including anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp for insulin sensitivity. Fasting blood specimens were assayed for SLC activity (Vmax) and lipids. Cardiac structure was determined by 2-D echocardiography. LVM was calculated by the cube root formula and adjusted for height (LVM index). Vmax correlated significantly with average systolic blood pressure (r = 0.45, P = 0.007), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.48, P = 0.004), mean blood pressure (r = 0.48, P = 0.003) and LVM index (r = 0.40, P = 0.02). Vmax was also associated with fasting insulin (r = 0.39, P = 0.01), the sum of insulin (r = 0.52, P = 0.002), and insulin sensitivity adjusted for fat-free mass (r = -0.55, P = 0.001). There was no statistically significant relationship between Vmax and body mass or lipids. Vmax for SLC correlates with cardiac structure in premenopausal African American women. Vmax is also associated with insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in this non-diabetic sample. SLC activity may be useful in identifying a subgroup of young African American women with left ventricular hypertrophy and insulin resistance before the onset of clinically diagnosed hypertension and diabetes. Journal of Human Hypertension (2000) 14, 213-219.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are gender differences in insulin-mediated glucose utilization and if sex hormones correlate with measures of insulin sensitivity in young adult African-Americans. DESIGN: Cross-sectional case (women)-control (men) study. PARTICIPANTS: African-American men and women aged 27 to 35 years. Excluded were known diabetics, individuals on antihypertensive therapy, and women taking exogenous estrogen preparations. METHODS: Procedures included anthropometric and blood pressure measurement, oral glucose tolerance test, sex hormone assay, and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Procedures for data analysis included two-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Data were analyzed on 104 men and 142 women with a mean age of 31.5 years. Insulin sensitivity was lower in women than in men. When insulin-mediated glucose utilization was corrected for body fat, there was no gender difference in insulin sensitivity. There was a significant correlation of androgen status with insulin sensitivity, but this relationship was divergent between men and women. For men, the correlation between insulin sensitivity and free testosterone was positive (r = .36, P < .001). For women, this correlation was negative (r = -.28, P = .001). CONCLUSION: These data on young African-Americans demonstrate no gender differences in insulin sensitivity when glucose utilization is corrected for adipose mass. Androgen status is significantly linked with insulin sensitivity, but the relationship is divergent in men and women. Insulin resistance in young women is strongly associated with relative androgen excess, which may augment the risk for cardiovascular disease.

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Hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are more prevalent in blacks than whites. The convergence of these 2 disorders augments the expression and severity of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alterations in glucose metabolism are related to an increase in blood pressure (BP). This study was conducted on 304 nondiabetic blacks (mean age=32 years). Measurements in all subjects included BP, anthropometric measures, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin clamp to measure insulin sensitivity, and plasma lipids. The sample was stratified according to plasma glucose on oral glucose tolerance test to normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes mellitus (DM). A 2-way ANOVA was performed to determine differences between the metabolic groups. With the use of American Diabetic Association criteria, 20.4% of the samples were classified as IGT and 5.9% were diabetic. A significant increase in BP existed from NGT to IGT to DM, which was stronger in women than men (systolic blood pressure in women: NGT=122, IGT=127, and DM=140 mm Hg, P<0.001) with a significant linear trend (P<0.001). With the use of body mass index as a covariate, the group difference in BP remained significant (P=0.006). Measures of insulin sensitivity demonstrated significant metabolic group differences (P<0.001) with a linear trend (P<0.001) of decreasing insulin sensitivity from NGT to DM. These results indicate that early alterations in glucose metabolism effects an upward shift in BP. The higher BP in IGT and DM may be due to vascular endothelial cell resistance to insulin action.

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In both humans and experimental animals, dietary induced magnesium deficiency is correlated with insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary magnesium intake is associated with insulin sensitivity or blood pressure in a sample of nondiabetic, young adult black Americans. We also examined dietary calcium, potassium, and sodium intake. The study was conducted on a sample (n = 179) of young adults aged 30 +/- 3.4 years who had been followed longitudinally. Nutrient intake was assessed by obtaining a 24-h recall interview of dietary intake. Intake data were entered in a nutrient analysis program (Nutritionist III), which quantitated micronutrients, macronutrients, and minerals. We classified the sample into insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) groups, according to insulin-stimulated glucose use (M) measured during insulin clamp. M correlated positively with magnesium intake in mg/kg of fat-free mass (r = 0.15, P < .05 overall; in men, r = 0.25, P < .02). There was a significant negative correlation of total dietary magnesium intake with the sum of insulin levels measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (r = -0.13, P < .05). When corrected for body fat, in men there was also a significant correlation of dietary magnesium intake, measured in mg/kg of fat-free mass, with the sum of insulin concentrations on the OGTT (r = -0.22, P < .05). When cases were categorically classified as IS versus IR, magnesium intake in mg/kg of fat-free mass was lower in IR (2.97 +/- 1.4) than in IS (3.68 +/- 2.2; P = .022). These results suggest a possible role for dietary magnesium in insulin resistance.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between insulin resistance and apoB100 metabolism in African American males. Fifteen subjects, 33 +/- 7.6 years old, were divided into two groups, insulin-resistant (IR) or insulin-sensitive (IS), based on the sum of the plasma insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test. The IR group (n = 8) differed significantly from the IS group (n = 7) with respect to body mass index (BMI) (30.1 vs 23.1 kg/m2; P = 0.0003), fasting triglycerides, (118 vs 54 mg/dl, P = 0. 013), and total plasma apolipoprotein B100 (80 vs 59 mg/dl, P = 0.014). Significantly elevated apoB100 levels in the IR group were seen in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (5.1 vs 3.4 mg/dl, P = 0.045) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) (18 vs 12 mg/dl, P = 0.017) but not in low density lipoprotein (LDL) (57 vs 46 mg/dl, P = 0.19). Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I, and blood pressure were not significantly different between the two groups. There was a high correlation between the sum of insulins during the oral glucose tolerance test and the BMI (rho = 0.88, P = 0.0001). In five IR and five IS subjects, apoB100 kinetics were determined in the fasting state using a bolus dose of deuteroleucine and multicompartmental modeling. IR subjects had significantly lower fractional catabolic rates (FCR) in the larger VLDL1 (-70%), the smaller VLDL2 (-71%), and the IDL (-53%) fractions. No significant differences in production rates were observed for any lipoprotein class. There was a significant correlation between the sum of insulins and the FCR of the apoB100 of VLDL1 (rho = -0.65, P = 0.05) and of IDL (rho = -0.85, P = 0.004). The correlation coefficient of the sum of insulins and the FCR of VLDL2 was -0.61 with P = 0.067. We conclude that in this population of African American males, IR is correlated with a decreased FCR of apoB100 in VLDL and IDL and elevated plasma levels of apoB and triglycerides (TG). These changes might be explained by decreased clearance of the TG-rich lipoproteins. We postulate that this may reflect decreased lipoprotein and/or hepatic lipase activity related to insulin resistance and its association with obesity.

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The prevalence of obesity has increased over the past three decades, in children as well as in adults. When obesity develops in the childhood years, excess adiposity generally continues into adult years, and adult obesity with childhood onset is frequently more severe. The health consequences of obesity in adults are well established, including greater rates of hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and heart disease. This paper will discuss the risk factors for these adult disorders that are detectable in obese children. Compared to normal weight children, obese children have higher blood pressure, higher plasma insulin levels, and a more atherogenic lipid pattern. Thus, the characteristic features of Syndrome X, or the insulin resistant syndrome, can be detected in obese children and adolescents. The vascular consequences of exposure to these metabolic risk factors beginning in childhood have yet to be completely determined. However, it is very likely that childhood obesity does contribute significantly to cardiovascular disease. For these reasons, greater efforts should be mounted to reduce the currently rising rates.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if there are sex differences in African-Americans regarding the effect of obesity on sensitivity to insulin as a glucoregulatory and antilipolytic hormone. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from study participants, 127 nondiabetic African-Americans (mean age 32 +/- 4 years), included anthropometric measurements, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a 2-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and a fasting triglyceride level. Sensitivity to insulin as a glucoregulatory hormone was determined by M/FFM, where M is the mean glucose infusion rate during the second hour of the clamp and FFM is fat-free mass. Sensitivity to insulin's antilipolytic action was assessed during the OGTT by the percent suppression of free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations between 0 and 120 min. The higher the suppression of FFAs, the greater the sensitivity to insulin's antilipolytic action. RESULTS: The participants were classified by BMI into three groups: nonobese (31 men, 24 women), obese (17 men, 14 women), and severely obese (12 men, 29 women). The women had higher percentages of body fat (P < 0.001), and the men had greater FFM (P < 0.001). The M/FFM values for men versus women in each BMI group were nonobese, 8.8 +/- 2.8 vs. 10.8 +/- 4.4; obese, 7.2 +/- 3.4 vs. 8.5 +/- 3.4; and severely obese, 4.7 +/- 2.1 vs. 6.1 +/- 2.2. The difference between the BMI groups was significant (P < 0.001), as was the difference between men and women (P < 0.01). In addition, there was a significant sex difference in percent suppression of FFAS (P < 0.001). The men and women had similar fasting insulin and FFA concentrations; however, in the men only, the percent suppression of FFA declined with increasing obesity (nonobese, 83 +/- 15%; obese, 73 +/- 18%; and severely obese, 69 +/- 19%; P = 0.02). The women in all three BMI groups had lower FFA levels of 86-88%. CONCLUSIONS: Obese African-American men and women are resistant to insulin as a glucoregulatory hormone, but only obese men are resistant to insulin's antilipolytic action; obese African-American women are sensitive to insulin's antilipolytic action. The combined presence of sensitivity to insulin's antilipolytic action with resistance to insulin's glucoregulatory action in obese African-American women may contribute to their high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

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Little is known about the customary level of sodium intake by salt-sensitive people and the nature of obstacles they face in the adoption of a reduced-sodium diet. These issues were addressed with 12 salt-sensitive (SS) and 9 salt-insensitive (SI) normotensive adults. Information about sodium consumption, taste, and blood pressure and concerns about following a diet reduced in sodium were collected at baseline and monthly while participants followed a 100 mmol Na/day diet for 4 months. Mean sodium intakes of both groups were comparable at baseline and were reduced significantly during diet. The principal dietary concerns were reduced food availability, increased food costs, and reduced food palatability. There were no group differences. Ratings declined over time, but only the food palatability issue did so significantly because of a shift by the SI only. While the predictive value of SS classification remains uncertain, these data indicate that dietary change is feasible in SS subjects.

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The objectives of this study were to assess the reliability, sensitivity and specificity of salt-sensitivity classification in normotensive adults and to determine the predictive power of four clinical indices for salt-sensitivity. A total of 66 healthy, normotensive, free-living adults were administered 11-day salt-sensitivity diagnostic dietary salt challenges on two occasions to permit assessment of classification test-retest reliability. An oral glucose tolerance test, an acute saline loading test, gustatory testing and determination of salivary flow and sodium concentration were carried out to assess (by correlation analysis) their predictive power for salt-sensitivity. Following these procedures, 21 participants followed a reduced-sodium diet for 4 months, during which blood pressure was monitored monthly to allow evaluation of salt-sensitivity classification sensitivity and specificity. Regression was used to develop a predictive model for salt-sensitivity. Salt-sensitivity classification was not highly reliable (kappa-value=0.38), sensitive (0.73) or specific (0.60). No single index was highly predictive of classification status, but a model composed of five indices accounted for 92% of the variance in blood pressure response to acute salt challenge. The dietary salt challenge procedure used here for salt-sensitivity classification of normotensive adults had low test-retest reliability. While a battery of easily measured attributes may facilitate rapid salt-sensitivity classification, such a diagnosis provides only limited insight regarding blood pressure responsiveness to chronic dietary salt restriction in normotensive adults.

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Hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and is linked with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hyperlipidemia, obesity, and hypertension. Sex hormones also play a role in the metabolic alterations associated with the risk for cardiovascular disease. A reduction in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) may be predictive of future NIDDM particularly in women. The postmenopausal decline in estrogen is also associated with an increase in risk factor expression in women. Since African Americans experience a greater prevalence of NIDDM, obesity, and hypertension, conditions associated with hyperinsulinemia, the purpose of this study was to determine if alterations in sex hormone levels are associated with the plasma insulin concentration in young adult African Americans, and to determine if there are sex differences in the effect of insulin on lipids and sex hormones. In a sample of 221 nondiabetic African American men (n = 105) and women (n = 116) with a mean age of 31 years, we examined the relationship of the plasma insulin concentration with the body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, plasma lipids, and sex hormones, including free testosterone, estradiol, and SHBG. Plasma insulin increased with the BMI and other measures of adiposity (P<.001) in men and women. Significant correlations of insulin with plasma lipids were also present in both sexes. There was a significant inverse correlation of insulin with SHBG in both men (r = .28, P = .007) and women (r = .27, P = .02). There was a significant direct correlation of insulin with free testosterone in women (r = .032, P<.001). Stepwise multiple regression analyses with insulin as the dependent variable detected the BMI, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein A1 as significant contributors to the plasma insulin concentration in men. In women, the multiple regression model detected percent body fat, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and free testosterone as significant contributors to plasma insulin. These data on young African Americans demonstrate a significant relationship between hyperinsulinemia and obesity, atherogenic lipid status, and lower SHBG. In the premenopausal women, the lower SHBG is linked with higher free testosterone, favoring a condition of relative androgen excess.

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During a 12-week, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) for the treatment of obesity-related hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring was performed both at baseline and at study completion in 124 patients. Patients were randomized to three groups: placebo, lisinopril (10, 20, or 40 mg/day), or HCTZ (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/day). All groups were matched with regard to sex, race, age, body mass index, and waist/hip ratio. The primary analysis of ABP data revealed that both lisinopril and HCTZ effectively lowered mean 24-h systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure compared with placebo, (mean change from baseline SBP/DBP: -12.0/-8.2, -10.6/-5.5, and -0.3/-0.5 mm Hg, respectively); however, lisinopril lowered DBP better than HCTZ (P < .05). Secondary analyses of groups revealed that men responded better to lisinopril than HCTZ (-11.9/-7.3 v -6.6/-3.5 mm Hg, respectively), whereas women responded well to both drugs. White patients responded better to lisinopril than HCTZ, whereas black patients showed a significant response to HCTZ only. Response to treatment was also influenced by patient classification of 24-h blood pressure profiles, ie, "dipper" or "nondipper." Overall, the majority of obese hypertensives were nondippers. Nondippers (n = 82) responded well to both drugs (-10.4/-6.9 v -12.5/-5.7 mm Hg, P < .05 v placebo), whereas dippers (n = 42) responded to lisinopril (-11.7/ -9.4 mm Hg, P < .05 v placebo and HCTZ), but not HCTZ (-5.6/-4.1 mm Hg, P = NS v placebo). Results of 24-h ABP data show that both lisinopril and HCTZ are effective therapies for obesity-related hypertension and that response to treatment is influenced by sex, race, and dipper/nondipper status.

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This investigation was designed to determine the relationship of leptin concentration to gender, sex hormones, menopause, age, diabetes, and fat mass in African Americans. Participants included 101 African Americans, 38 men (mean age, 34.2 +/- 7.4 years), 29 age-matched premenopausal women (mean age, 32.6 +/- 3.7 years), and 36 postmenopausal women (mean age, 57.8 +/- 5.9 years). The women were not taking exogenous sex hormones, and 12 subjects were diabetic. Percent body fat was calculated with the Siri formula, fat mass (FM) was calculated as weight x percent body fat, and Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated as weight minus FM. Fasting plasma was assayed for leptin, estradiol, free testosterone, glucose, and insulin concentrations. The nondiabetics had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The diabetics compared with the non-diabetics had a higher central fat index (p=0.04) but otherwise were similar to nondiabetics in all parameters measured. Body mass index, percent body fat, and FM were greater in women than men (p<0.001). Leptin concentrations in men, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women were: 7.51 +/- 8.5, 33.9 +/- 17.3, 31.4 +/- 22.3 ng/mL. Leptin/FM x 100 in the three groups were: 28.9 +/- 16.1, 98.65 +/- 44.9, 77.1 +/- 44.5 ng/mL/kg. The gender difference in leptin concentration and leptin/FM was significant (p<0.001), but the difference between premenopausal and postmenopausal women was not. In each group, weight, percent body fat, and FM were highly correlated with leptin concentration. Multiple regression analyses with leptin concentration as the dependent variable and age, diabetic status, percent body fat, weight, FM, FFM, estradiol, and free testosterone concentrations as independent variables demonstrated that the determinants of leptin concentration in men was weight only (R=0.83, p<0.001), in premenopausal women it was FM only (R=0.57, p<0.001), and in postmenopausal women it was weight only (R=0.67, p<0.001). With diabetics excluded, the multiple regression analysis was repeated with fasting insulin concentration and the area under the insulin curve during the OGTT included as independent variables. The results for this multiple regression analyses were the same as the first. Therefore, leptin concentration in African Americans is determined by gender and fat mass. Menopause, age, and diabetes do not affect leptin concentration.

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