RESUMEN
The aim of this study is to investigate whether the dorsal claustrum receives afferent input from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei - centromedian nucleus, central lateral nucleus and paracentral nucleus. The intralaminar thalamic nuclei of eight cats were electrolytically lesioned. We obtained samples from the dorsal claustrum for electron microscopic analysis from the second to the seventh post-procedural day. Two types of degenerated synaptic boutons were observed: electron-dense which formed the majority of boutons, and electron-lucent comprising the remaining samples. Between the second and seventh post-procedural day, we observed a steady increase in the number of electron-dense boutons which were diffusely distributed throughout the dorsal claustrum. Electron-dense degenerated boutons formed asymmetrical contacts with dendritic spines as well as with small and medium-sized dendrites. In contrast, electron-lucent degenerated boutons were observed in earlier post-procedural periods and formed symmetrical axodendritic contacts.
Asunto(s)
Claustro , Núcleos Talámicos Intralaminares , Terminales Presinápticos , Animales , Gatos , Terminales Presinápticos/fisiología , Núcleos Talámicos Intralaminares/fisiología , Claustro/fisiología , Masculino , FemeninoRESUMEN
A clinical case of a horizontally displaced dental implant, which moved below the level of the mandibular canal during surgery is presented together with a brief review of the comparable published cases. The bone mineral density and the morphology of the alveolar ridge were analyzed at the site of osteotomy, and the low bone density of 265.32 ± 86.41 Hounsfield Units was found in the area. The factors related to implant displacement were: the anatomical features of bone structure, and the applied mechanical pressure during the implant insertion. The displacement of the dental implant below the level of the mandibular canal during implantation can be a severe complication. Its removal requires the safest surgical approach to avoid damaging the inferior alveolar nerve. The description of one clinical case does not provide grounds for drawing definite conclusions. To avoid similar incidents, detailed radiographic assessment before implantation is necessary; it is also important to follow the surgical protocols of implant placement into soft bone and to create conditions for a good visibility and sufficient control of bleeding during surgery.
RESUMEN
The claustrum is a subcortical nucleus, found in the telencephalon of all placental mammals. Earlier Golgi studies have mostly focused on a qualitative description of the types of neurons. The aim of the present study was to describe the types of neurons found in the dorsal claustrum of the cat using the Golgi impregnation method and to perform a quantitative analysis of the following morphometric parameters: number of terminals (ends), total dendritic length, dendritic complexity, spine density (in spiny projection neurons), varicosity density (in aspiny interneurons). We used specimens from 5 healthy male cats stained according to the Golgi-Cox method. The dendritic trees of the studied neurons were then reconstructed through the Neurolucida software. Values of the studied quantitative parameters were obtained automatically and tested for statistically significant differences. Five types of spiny neurons were observed-large, medium-sized and small multipolar, bipolar and pyramidal-like. In addition, we described three types of aspiny neurons. The quantitative values and the statistical analysis were presented with tables and diagrams. In conclusion, we have presented a detailed analysis of the cytoarchitecture of the DC of the cat and have reported the first quantitative data on a number of morphometric parameters.