RESUMEN
Ammoxidation of kraft lignin was carried out in a Parr reactor using (15)NH(3) as the main nitrogen source. Reaction parameters were set up until a total nitrogen content of approximately 13 wt.% in lignin was achieved, in accordance with conditions of previous studies. Analytical tools such as FTIR, Py-GC/MS, and solid state NMR were used in this research. The nature of nitrogen bondings is discussed. The incorporation of the (15)N from ammoxidized lignin was followed in pumpkins (Zucchini cucurbita pepo L.) by means of (15)N emission spectroscopy.
Asunto(s)
Amoníaco/metabolismo , Cucurbita/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Lignina/farmacocinética , Isótopos de Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Isótopos de Nitrógeno/farmacocinética , Espectrometría por Rayos X , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
SEC elution curves of spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) and guaiacyl lignin polymer models (G-DHPs) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exhibited a bimodal elution profile. Light scattering measurements indicated that these elution profiles were due to association effects between the molecules. This became apparent from the determination of high molar masses in the range 10(5)-10(8) g/mol. To study this effect, MWL and DHP were fractionated by precipitation in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The THF-insoluble fractions were found to be the fractions corresponding to the apparent high molar mass part of the DMF elution profiles. The THF-soluble fractions proved to be the less-associated fractions, with lower apparent molecular mass. The individual fractions proved to be rather stable in DMF. Accordingly, the bimodal elution profiles of the starting materials were not the result of an equilibrium between associated and molecular dispersed molecules but of different structures exhibiting a specific and stable association pattern. The different fractions were further characterised by SEC in THF after acetylation to determine molar masses in molecular disperse solutions.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía en Gel/métodos , Lignina/química , Modelos Químicos , Luz , Dispersión de RadiaciónRESUMEN
Results of a comprehensive study on the chemical structure of lignin from plantation Eucalyptus globulus Labill are presented. Lignin has been isolated by a modified mild acidolysis method and thoroughly characterized by functional group analysis, by a series of degradation techniques (nitrobenzene oxidation, permanganate oxidation, thioacidolysis, and Py-GC-MS), and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Plantation Eucalyptus globulus lignin was found to be of the S/G type with an extremely high proportion of syringyl (S) units (82-86%) and a minor proportion of p-hydrophenyl propane (H) units (roughly 2-3 mol %). Unknown C-6 substituted and 4-O-5' type syringyl substructures represent about 65% of lignin "condensed" structures. Eucalypt lignin showed high abundance of beta-O-4 (0.56/C(6)) structures and units linked by alpha-O-4 bonds (0.23/C(6)). The proportion of phenylcoumaran structures was relatively low (0.03/C(6)). Different kinds of beta-beta substructures (pino-/syringaresinol and isotaxiresinol types) in a total amount of 0.13/C(6) were detected. ESI-MS analysis revealed a wide molecular weight distribution of lignin with the center of gravity of mass distribution around 2500 u.
Asunto(s)
Eucalyptus/química , Lignina/química , Plantas Medicinales , Dioxanos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Lignina/análisis , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Peso Molecular , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de ElectrosprayRESUMEN
Biomass production of fodder sorghum (Sorghum sp.) has been tested in a field trial over two harvesting periods under natural meteorological conditions using ammoxidized kraft lignin (AKL) as a slow-release fertilizer and urea as conventional reference. In the course of the first growth cycle, plants treated with urea gave higher biomass yields because of the better solubility of urea in the initial phase. However, during the second cycle AKL treated plants performed better than urea treated sorghum, indicating that nitrogen from AKL became readily available.