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The paper shows limitations of the traditional indices used to evaluate a patient's chemical status and describes methods for assessment of its uniformity, by using nonparametric chi 2 test, identifying patient subgroups, and comparing a few groups. A new procedure is proposed to present cytochemical findings.

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The study assesses absolute and relative errors in the calculation of cytochemical indices in a precise patient. At present, the semiquantitative index (the mean cytochemical coefficient (MCC) after G. Astaldi and L. Verg) is widely used to evaluate the cytochemical activity of leukocytes. At the same time other indices, such as differentiating cytochemical coefficient (DCC) after I. G. Bondarenko, occasionally find application. Analysis of the results of simulation of an array containing 500 leukograms has demonstrated that the individual relative detection error for MCC ranges from 13 to 21% and that for DCC 20 to 51%. The results of the study enable an adequate estimation of the ways of expressing the cytochemical findings, which are proposed by different authors.

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Clinical and cytochemical study of the wound exudate neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) in patients with maxillofacial phlegmons treated traditionally and with leukinferon (immunomodulator) added to basic therapy demonstrated a positive clinical effect and pronounced stimulation of NG in the patients treated with leukinferon. The time course of cytochemical parameters of NG cytoplasm and chromatin activity was principally different in the two groups of patients. A new tissue index of NG was developed, giving an accurate integral picture of the total biological activity of the wound exudate NG.

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An analysis of results of surgical treatment of 158 adult patients with the syndrome of chronic colostasis (SCC) has shown that the rectal form of Hirschsprung's disease (RFH) was diagnosed in 57 patients while idiopathic megadolichocolon (IMC)--in 101 patients. There were two types of SCC: proctogenic and cologenic. The proctogenic type appears in patients with RFH due to hypogangliosis and agangliosis, and in patients with IMC--as a result of dystrophy of ganglionic neurons of the Meissner plexus of the rectum. The computed morphometry and histochemical investigations have shown that hypogangliosis and agangliosis in RFH were of congenital origin while dystrophy of the rectal ganglia in many patients with IMC was an acquired pathology. The marginal variant of the second type of the colon structure can be considered as a cause of SCC. A new operation--endofascial resection of the rectum--is proposed for treatment of proctogenic SCC. The differential surgical strategy with pathomorphogenesis of SCC taken into account allowed to get satisfactory results in 73% of cases.

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Six biological specimens, including BCG obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis or animal tissues in accordance with an original procedure were studied. Their protective efficiency in tuberculosis infection was evaluated by the magnitude of allergic reactions and by pathological tissue changes 5 months after animal immunization and infection. The drug PKP-3 was found to be most effective and its further study is promising.

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Curiosine solution was used in surgical treatment of 80 patients with chronic otitis media purulenta early after the intervention. Otoscopic, cytological and bacteriological examinations have demonstrated that the drug creates physiological conditions for activation, migration and division of cells participating in tissue regeneration, it promotes bacterial decontamination of the wound. Curiosine can be used after radical operations on the middle ear.

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Effects of laser radiation on the function of the internal ear receptors were studied using short-latent acoustic evoked potentials (SLAEP) of rabbit truncus cerebri. Contact laser impact in the area of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity in one of the ear was made after registration of baseline SLAEP. The other ear served control. It was found that YAG-Nd laser radiation had the receptor damage threshold within 7-8 W. Assessment of laser energy reaching receptors of the animals' labyrinth was carried out by the thickness of the bone of tympanic medial wall in the rabbit middle ear. Differences in the above thickness in humans and rabbits and calculated transmission factors for laser radiation of the bone tissues indicate that radiation power 14-16 W may appear critical in manipulations on human middle ear.

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Chromatin anisotropy is measured and its correlation with the cytochemical activity of leukocytes estimated in 19 patients with icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. Leukocyte and neutrophil nuclei chromatin anisotropy increases during the acute period of leptospirosis, indicating an increase of cuchromatization and transcription activity. Neutrophil nuclei euchromatization is observed in patients with all forms of leptospirosis irrespective of the disease severity. Lymphocyte nuclei euchromatization is observed only in the patients with a favorable course but not in those with the severe course of the disease. Correlations between neutrophil and lymphocyte nuclei euchromatization and cytochemical activity of lymphocytes and monocytes are detected. The optic anisotropic effect is proposed to be used as an extra diagnostic criterion of leptospirosis severity.

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Measurements of DNA and study of chromatin status in blood cell nuclei help solve numerous basic problems of biology and medicine. Acid lability of DNA was assessed in 5 patients with grave icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. The distribution of fluorescence peaks on the curve of neutrophil DNA hydrolysis in patients with grave leptospirosis indicates that functionally low-active acid-resistant DNA fraction predominates in their chromatin. Assessment of acid lability of DNA is proposed to be used for assessing the severity of the pathological process.

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Healing of postoperative wounds of the middle ear treated with benzofurocaine was analysed in 57 patients. The drug was given for 10 postoperative days as 10 ml intramuscular injections of 1% solution twice a day. Benzofurocaine-treated patients exhibited less extensive edema of the parotid tissues and walls of the external acoustic meatus, faster epidermisation of the trepanation cavity and retention of the neotympanum graft. Cytochemically, intramuscular injections of benzofurocaine enhance functional activity of epitheliocyte nuclei as shown by reduced DNA anisotropy and intensified cell utilization of glycogen and release of cationic protein.

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A method for the comparative assessment of the results obtained by Caplow's semiquantitative method and by Actaldi-Verg's technique in cellular populations of varying size is considered, as exemplified by studies of the cytochemistry of the peripheral blood and synovial fluid leukocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

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Distribution of neurons, forming cardiac nerves of the cat stellate ganglion, has been investigated. The inferior cardiac nerve conducts inotropic influences to the heart. It is formed by the neurons localized in the caudal part of the ganglion. The caudal anastomosis conducts chronotropic influences to the heart. It is formed by the neurons localized in the inferior part of the ganglion and the ventral horn of the spinal nucleus and nucleus intercalatus. Axons of the preganglionic neurons pass through the ganglion and are not interrupted.

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In anesthetized cats, the preganglionic input to the stellate ganglion involved Th3 and Th4 white rami. The chronotropic influences to the heart travelled through caudal anastomose whereas inotropic those--through inferior cardiac nerve. Neurons of these nerves are distributed over the ganglion stellate in different sites. The data obtained suggest that the pathways relating central sympathetic influences, are specialized.

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