RESUMEN
Teaching ethics in public schools in the United States has been made almost impossible because of the Culture War and Modern Economics. When Catholics began to migrate to the United States in the early nineteenth century, they found that Protestant religion and ethics were taught in public schools and they created their own parochial schools. This controversy has continued for two hundred years. To encourage the Catholics to send their children to the public schools, by 1860 religion and ethics had been removed from the public schools. Concern about the teaching of ethics spread to other religious and non-religious groups. These groups attack the teaching of ethics as the indoctrination of the personal values of teachers, and when teachers include alternative ethical views to avoid indoctrination they are accused of relativism. According to Modern Economics, value terms are meaningless unless they have been translated into economic terms based on willingness to pay. This approach overlooks the social values that make up the cultural heritage of a society. Although children acquire these social values tacitly, since they are not taught these values as a common heritage, they come to believe that they invented them ahistorically and that they are just how they feel (ethical emotivism). By teaching children social values as a common heritage, the charges of indoctrination and relativism and the replacement of these values with economic terms can be avoided, later permitting a more objective role for ethics in public affairs among adults.
Asunto(s)
Catolicismo , Ética , Protestantismo , Valores Sociales , Economía , Relativismo Ético , Humanos , Principios Morales , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In vivo replication of rotaviruses is generally limited to enterocytes. Because of this restriction, most blood circulating rotavirus-specific B cells are hypothesized to originate in Peyer's patches and should express the intestinal homing receptor alpha4beta7. To test this hypothesis in humans, we used a flow cytometry assay that identifies antigen-activated (IgD-) B cells (CD19+) that express surface rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin. With this assay we could detect rotavirus-specific B cells in both children and adults with an acute rotavirus (RV) infection. Staining with an anti-alpha4beta7 monoclonal antibody, we could determine that B cells that express rotavirus-specific surface immunoglobulin predominantly express alpha4beta7. The response of rotavirus-specific antibody-secreting cells in the peripheral blood of children and adults with acute rotavirus infection was also studied by ELISPOT. The antibody-secreting cells of children were mainly of the IgM isotype, while the antibody-secreting cells of adults were predominantly of the IgA and IgG isotype. alpha4beta7+ and alpha4beta7- subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified using paramagnetic beads and then tested in the ELISPOT assay. Rotavirus-specific antibody-secreting cells were predominantly present in the alpha4beta7+ subpopulation. The flow cytometry assay we have described will permit future studies to characterize the phenotype of virus-specific B cells and could be useful in the study of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of RV vaccines and the identification of markers of protective immunity.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos B/inmunología , Integrinas/análisis , Infecciones por Rotavirus/inmunología , Rotavirus/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Células Productoras de Anticuerpos/fisiología , Linfocitos B/química , Diarrea/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Lactante , Integrinas/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos B/análisisAsunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Niño , Infecciones/diagnóstico , Infecciones/inmunología , Infecciones/metabolismo , LinfocitosRESUMEN
The case of a young woman from Guadeloupe developing severe megaloblastic anemia is reported. She presented with fever and hemolysis (she had heterozygotic beta-thalassemia) after a six month history of diarrhea. She was shown to have folate deficiency, steatorrhea, vitamin K and B12 malabsorption. She responded well to intravenous folinic acid and tetracyclines. Diagnosis was based on the following criteria: a) no other cause of malabsorption was found despite a comprehensive inquiry, b) the pattern of the illness corresponded to the definition of disease. Three particular aspects are outlined: the acute onset, malabsorption of vitamin B12 requiring prolonged and combined treatment, and the unusual place in which the disease was contracted.
Asunto(s)
Anemia Megaloblástica/etiología , Esprue Tropical/complicaciones , Adulto , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Ácido Fólico/uso terapéutico , Deficiencia de Ácido Fólico/sangre , Deficiencia de Ácido Fólico/complicaciones , Deficiencia de Ácido Fólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Infusiones Parenterales , Esprue Tropical/diagnóstico , Esprue Tropical/tratamiento farmacológico , Tetraciclina/uso terapéutico , Talasemia/complicaciones , Vitamina B 12/administración & dosificación , Vitamina B 12/sangre , Vitamina B 12/uso terapéutico , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/complicaciones , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/tratamiento farmacológico , Deficiencia de Vitamina K/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina K/complicaciones , Deficiencia de Vitamina K/tratamiento farmacológico , Indias OccidentalesRESUMEN
Between 1978-1979 an epidemic of yellow fever occurred in Trinidad in two phases. Eight cases occurred in December 1978-March 1979 and 10 cases occured in August-September 1979. Seven died, giving a case fatality rate of 39 per cent . All cases were male aged 16-58 years (median 22.5). Seventeen had been exposed in forests where the virus was active and none had records of being vaccinated. The high level of clinical and virological surveillance that existed made it likely that all or nearly all the cases were ascertained. Intense immunization, health education and vector control efforts also mitigated against a larger epidemic.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fiebre Amarilla/epidemiología , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
An epidemic of sylvan yellow fever occurred in Trinidad during the period 1978 to 1980. Entomological activities were initiated at various localities where monkey (Alouatta spp.) mortalities were reported. A total of 5,468 Haemagogus janthinomys was collected and tested which resulted in the isolation of 17 strains of yellow fever virus. Two strains of the virus were isolated from a total of 49 Haemagogus leucocelaenus and these constituted the first isolations of yellow fever virus from this species of mosquito from Trinidad. Attempts to demonstrate transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus from adults feared from eggs and larvae collected in the field were unsuccessful. However, from two locations virus isolations were made at the end of rainy season (January) and at the beginning of the successive rainy season (June).
Asunto(s)
Animales , Alouatta , Culicidae , Virus de la Fiebre Amarilla , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
An outline is given of the vector control measures adopted during the 1978-1980 yellow fever epidemic in Trinidad and the efficacy of the yellow fever plan of action is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Vectores de Enfermedades , Fiebre Amarilla , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
An outline is given of the vector control measures adopted during the 1978-1980 yellow fever epidemic in Trinidad and the efficacy of the yellow fever plan of action is discussed (AU)
Asunto(s)
Fiebre Amarilla , Vectores de Enfermedades , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
An epidemic of sylvan yellow fever occurred in Trinidad during the period 1978 to 1980. Entomological activities were initiated at various localities where monkey (Alouatta spp.) mortalities were reported. A total of 5,468 Haemagogus janthinomys was collected and tested which resulted in the isolation of 17 strains of yellow fever virus. Two strains of the virus were isolated from a total of 49 Haemagogus leucocelaenus and these constituted the first isolations of yellow fever virus from this species of mosquito from Trinidad. Attempts to demonstrate transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus from adults feared from eggs and larvae collected in the field were unsuccessful. However, from two locations virus isolations were made at the end of rainy season (January) and at the beginning of the successive rainy season (June) (AU)
Asunto(s)
21003 , Alouatta , Virus de la Fiebre Amarilla , Culicidae , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
Between 1978-1979 an epidemic of yellow fever occurred in Trinidad in two phases. Eight cases occurred in December 1978-March 1979 and 10 cases occured in August-September 1979. Seven died, giving a case fatality rate of 39 percent. All cases were male aged 16-58 years (median 22.5). Seventeen had been exposed in forests where the virus was active and none had records of being vaccinated. The high level of clinical and virological surveillance that existed made it likely that all or nearly all the cases were ascertained. Intense immunization, health education and vector control efforts also mitigated against a larger epidemic (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fiebre Amarilla/epidemiología , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
Howler monkey (Aloutta sp) deaths in the Southeastern forests of Trinidad were reported in December, 1988. This paper reports the laboratory and field investigations and preventive measures which were undertaken, in view of the known association between such deaths and yellow fever (YF) activity. A total of 47,640 adult mosquitoes were captured in several forest regions in Trinidad during the period December 1988 to October, 1989. Mosquitoes were identified, pooled and processed for virus isolation. Blood and organs from 5 dead Howler monkeys submitted between December 1988 and March, 1989 were examined for the presence of YF virus. Virus isolation was done by innoculation of material in AP61 (Ades pseudo-scutellaris) tissue culture and in 2-day-old Swiss albino mice, followed by identification of YF isolates by immunoflourescence, using monoclonal antibody and standard mouse neutralization tests, respectively. Fourty-four species of mosquito belonging to 14 genera were identified. From 654 mosquito pools, 6 YF isolates were obtained from only 2 species: five isolates from haemagogus janthinomys (December, 1988) and 1, for the first time locally, from Sabethes chloropterus (January, 1989). YF virus was isolated from blood and organs of 2 Howler monkeys captured on February 22 and March 2, 1989. There were no human cases of YF. Yellow fever activity appeared to be confined to the southeast part of the island. Preventive measures included mass targeted YF immunization (400,000 doses administered in 3 months), intensified vector control operations and reduced human contact with forest mosquitoes by the existing ban on hunting (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , 21003 , Fiebre Amarilla , Trinidad y Tobago , Alouatta , Culicidae , Virus de la Fiebre Amarilla , Insectos VectoresRESUMEN
During the period 1979-1982, serum cholinesterase levels were determined in blood samples collected from workers employed at the Insect Vector Control Division, Trinidad, W.I. A total of 1,162 blood samples were collected, of which 116 showed suppressed cholinesterase levels. Those workers with low serum cholinesterase levels included 46 residual spraymen, 66 Aedes aegypti operators and 4 controls. The difference in numbers of spraymen and Aedes operators with low cholinesterase levels was significant (p<.001). No significant differences were found in the number of Aedes operators with low cholinesterase levels from North and South Trinidad. Similarly, no differences were found in the number of residual spraymen from North and South Trinidad with low cholinesterase levels. A total of 7 Aedes operators and 4 residual spraymen had persistently low serum cholinesterase levels. It is likely that the main areas of absorption were the hands and forearms, with further absorption occurring via respiration. The need for continuous monitoring and supervision of vector control workers who handle insecticides is stressed (AU)
Asunto(s)
21003 , Humanos , Masculino , Colinesterasas/sangre , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Control de Mosquitos , Enfermedades Profesionales/sangre , Aedes , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
A 27 year old Tanzanian female with an acute P. falciparum malaria infection failed to respond to the recommended radical Fansidar treatment. The case is classified as RII resistance because after 7 days, parasitemia clearance was not achieved. The infection was certainly acquired in Tanzania but diagnosed and treated in a non-malarious country. This is possibly the first case of Fansidar resistant falciparum malaria found sensitive to Chloroquine. Chloroquine and Primaquine effectively eradicated the P. falciparum malaria from the patient. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Femenino , Informes de Casos , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Primaquina/uso terapéutico , Tanzanía , Trinidad y Tobago , Resistencia a MedicamentosRESUMEN
The first imported case of Plasmodium ovale malaria in Trinidad, West Indies is described in a Dutch engineer who had previously worked in West Africa. Available data suggests that the infection may have been acquired one year previously (AU)