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En este artículo espero poder hacer llegar al lector a la comprensión de la evolución protética implanto asistida, desde el mejoramiento de la retención otorgada a la prótesis completa inferior (PCI) con solo 2 implantes hasta la rehabilitación totalmente implanto asistida en paciente edéntulos. Para lograr este objetivo tan ambicioso tendremos que valernos de varios artículos en diferentes números de revista del AAO. En este capítulo veremos alternativas protéticas ideales en la retención de una completa inferior, dificultades con las que nos podemos encontrar, soluciones a la dificultad en la posición tridimensional del implante y biomecánica de la PCI que nos orienta en la elección del elemento de retención más adecuado para nuestro caso.

The goal of this article is to show the evolution of implant retained prosthesis driven by enhancements on retention of complete lower jaw prosthesis in edentulous patients. This can be reached by a different array of options, ranging from a simple one such as two implants retaining the lower jaw complete prosthesis, to a complex one completely supported and retained by implants prosthesis. Therefore, to reach such an ambitious goal, it will be necessary to devote several AAO series of journal´s articles to describe all these possibilities. In this very first article of the series, we will explore ideal prosthetic choices to get retention in a lower jaw complete prosthesis. We´ll see the solutions of the challenges we can face, for instance how to overcome difficulties related to the implant location (from a 3D perspective), and also how to leverage the biomechanics of the lower jaw complete prosthesis to select an appropriate retaining system.

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El objetivo de esta presentación es describir las alteraciones provocadas por la desadaptación o sobrecarga sectorizada de las prótesis mucosoportadas sobre el terreno de soporte óseo. Luego, relacionarlas con las alteraciones periprotéticas asociadas más comunes, y realizar la descripción de una de las alteraciones atróficas paraprotéticas de mayor casuística, con sus consecuencias en el sistema estomatognático. Finalmente, describir los tratamientos protéticos no implantológicos y la prevención de estas alteraciones con prótesis convencionales e implanto-asistidas

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El objetivo de esta presentación es describir las alteraciones provocadas por la desadaptación o sobrecarga sectorizada de las prótesis mucosoportadas sobre el terreno de soporte óseo. Luego, relacionarlas con las alteraciones periprotéticas asociadas más comunes, y realizar la descripción de una de las alteraciones atróficas paraprotéticas de mayor casuística, con sus consecuencias en el sistema estomatognático. Finalmente, describir los tratamientos protéticos no implantológicos y la prevención de estas alteraciones con prótesis convencionales e implanto-asistidas (AU)

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La tuberculosis en Chile ha tenido un considerable descenso en incidencia y mortalidad, encontrándonos en la etapa de eliminación como problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, a medida que la tuberculosis pulmonar disminuye en frecuencia, la proporción de tuberculosis extrapulmonar se incrementa. Como es conocido, el pulmón es el órgano diana por excelencia, pero cualquier órgano puede ser afectado. Dentro de las tuberculosis extrapulmonares, la forma miliar corresponde sólo a un 5 por ciento de los casos. La diseminación miliar es rara en pacientes inmunocompetentes, estando prácticamente restringida a grupos de riesgo. El diagnóstico de la tuberculosis miliar requiere de un alto índice de sospecha, ya que su clínica es inespecífica, y el aislamiento del bacilo de Koch difícil.

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La enfermedad de Addison presenta la paradoja de ser una patología rica en manifestaciones clínicas, de fácil confirmación bioquímica y de simple tratamiento, no obstante, su diagnóstico suele ser tardío. Este hecho es crítico ya que sus descompensaciones conllevan riesgo vital sin un manejo apropiado y oportuno. Se presenta una serie de 17 casos de insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria diagnosticados desde el año 1986 en adelante, tratados y controlados en el Hospital Regional de Talca: 15 mujeres y 2 hombres, edad promedio 42 años (17 a 70), en 5 casos secundaria de TBC y los 12 restantes a adrenalitis autoinmune, 5 de estos últimos en contexto de síndrome pluriglandular autoinmune. La duración de los síntomas previo al diagnóstico fue en promedio 14 meses. Las principales manifestaciones fueron: astenia, anorexia, baja de peso, hipotensión, melanodermia, hiponatremia, hiperkalemia, náuseas y vómitos. Dos casos se presentaron con shock grave e hiperkalemia severa y dos casos con coma hipoglicémico. Todos los casos en que se dispuso de cortisol basal (12) o post ACTH (3) mostraron valores francamente bajos. Once pacientes fueron diagnosticados durante hospitalización y respondieron favorablemente al aporte de suero fisiológico y glucosa e hidrocortisona ev, para quedar posteriormente con cortisol oral, en promedio 30 mg/día. Cuatro pacientes requieren de tratamiento complementario con fludrocortisona (mineralocorticoide sintético).

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with high rates of medical service use and with self-reported poor health. Male veterans admitted to a rehabilitation unit for PTSD (N=55) or alcohol dependence (N=38) were evaluated for comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions and health risk factors. Patients with PTSD were more likely to have osteoarthritis, diabetes, heart disease, comorbid depression, obesity, and elevated lipid levels. These findings suggest that there may be a relationship between specific medical conditions, possibly mediated by behavioral risk factors, among the aging population of veterans with PTSD.

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Laparoscopic adrenalectomy, if done by skilled surgeons, is now the first choice for treating most adrenal tumors, including bilateral pheochromocytoma. We report two women, aged 35 and 34 years old, with bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma successfully excised by laparoscopic surgery. Both had severe hypertension, high urinary catecholamine values (epinephrine + norepinephrine: 528 and 1083 ug/24h) and bilateral adrenal tumors at CT scan. After 4 weeks of doxazosin treatment, a laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy was done (Gugner's technique), with surgical times of 7 and 5 hours respectively. Both patients received hydrocortisone and only the second one required one unit of packed cells. Postoperative evolution was uneventful and both patients were discharged at the fifth postoperative day. At two months of follow up, both patients are asymptomatic and normotensive

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Neck located hydatid cysts are of rare occurrence. We report two patients with such condition. A 66 years old male with a slowly progressive painless 4 cm nodule located in the right thyroid. It did not concentrate 131I and a fine needle aspiration cytology was informed as an acute thyroiditis. A 5 years old boy presented with a 5 cm painless right submaxillary cyst. Ultrasound examination showed that it was unilocular, and fine needle aspiration biopsy disclosed unspecific findings. In both cases surgical findings and the pathological study showed hydatid cysts. Both patients had normal chest x ray and abdominal ultrasound examinations. They had an uneventful postoperative evolution. Echinococcosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cervical cysts in endemic area

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Pheochromocytoma is observed with higher frequency in patients with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. We report a 36 years old female with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis who developed mild hypertension during the fourth month of pregnancy. A cesarean section was performed at 37 weeks of pregnancy. Thereafter, the patient presented severe hypertensive and hypotensive crises, sinus tachycardia and fever. No evidences of an infectious disease were found. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed a right adrenal mass of 7 x 5 cm. High levels of urinary cathecolamines confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. After three weeks of prazosin therapy, the patient was operated. During the surgical procedure, an encapsulated pheochromocytoma was found and excised. A right renal atrophy and renal artery thrombosis were also found and a nephrectomy was done. Postoperative evolution was uneventful and the patient remains with normal blood pressure levels six months after the operation

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We report a 48 years old female with Paget's disease of the bone who consulted for leg pain. After exhaustive examination a magnetic nuclear resonance revealed a 7 mm intradural schwannoma that was resected without improvement. Four years later, with generalized, progressive bone pains, several osteolytic rib lesions were detected. A bone scintigraphy showed extensive areas of hyperfixation of Tc99 DPM. Biochemical tests were normal with exception of very high serum alkaline phosphatases. Looking for some neoplastic disease, a breast nodule was detected by mammography. Biopsy demonstrated benign disease. Finally, a rib lesion biopsy disclosed diagnosis of Paget's disease of the bone. Treatment with calcitonin, etidronate and vitamin D resulted in partial clinical improvement, reduction of abnormal isotope hyperfixation in bone scintigraphy and of serum alkaline phosphatase levels

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We report a 30 years old woman with sporadic poliglandular autoimmune syndrome type II, first seen with an insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and a Grave-Basedow disease that became spontaneously with positive antimicrosomal antibodies. Six years later she presented with persistent vomiting and remarkable reduction in insulin requirements. She had low basal and stimulated cortisol levels and the diagnosis of severe adrenal failure was reached. A CT scan showed normal adrenal glands, she dis not have cutaneous hyperpigmentation nor evidences of mineralcorticoid deficit. A selective autoimmune damage of the fascicular zone was assumed but a selective damage of ACTH producing pituitary cells cannot be discarded. The importance of investigating adrenal function in cases of unexplained reduction of insulin requirements is emphasized

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