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Introduction: Toxocariasis is an infection caused in canines, felines, humans, and other vertebrates by species of the genus Toxocara, such as T. canis and T. cati. The embryonated eggs of these parasites are the primary means of acquiring the infection for both definitive hosts, dogs and cats, respectively, and for intermediates, such as humans and other vertebrates. When deposited on park soils, environmental contamination becomes a risk to environmental, human, and animal health. Objective: To determine the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats (Felis catus). Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in six databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Google Scholar) to evaluate the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats, defined by coproparasitological, histological, and molecular techniques. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A two-tailed 5% alpha level was used for hypothesis testing. Results: Two hundred and eighty-nine studies were included. The global pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats using coproparasitological methods was 17.0% (95.0% CI: 16.2-17.8%). In the subgroup analysis according to country, Nepal had the highest prevalence of T. cati infection (94.4%; 95% CI 89.7-99.2%). The pooled prevalence of T. cati infection by PCR in four studies was 4.9% (95.0% CI: 1.9-7.9%). Conclusions: This systematic review underscores the need for preventive action against toxocariasis due to its widespread prevalence. The interplay between animal and human health should be emphasised, necessitating measures like deworming cats, hygiene practices, and public education to mitigate risks. Safeguarding feline health can also reduce human transmission, benefiting both species.

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Resumen El Tumor Venéreo Transmisible (TVT), es una neoplasia común de la especie canina, se localiza principalmente en la mucosa de los genitales; es altamente contagiosa y es la única que puede ser transmisible mediante el trasplante celular por contacto directo. Se diagnostica por estudio citológico y su tratamiento es la quimioterapia con sulfato de vincristina, fármaco de elección por tener un alto porcentaje de efectividad y baja recidiva; sin embargo, se han descrito efectos adversos como trastornos digestivos, hemáticos y nerviosos por parte de la población tratada. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer la efectividad y comportamiento de otras alternativas para el tratamiento de TVT; primero con un protocolo de autohemoterapia y el otro mediante la inmunoterapia con ácido yatrénico mas caseína, que actúan sobre el sistema inmunológico del animal, haciendo que sea el mismo organismo quien realice la eliminación del tumor.

Abstract Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) is a common canine neoplasia; it is mainly located in the genital mucosa. This pathology is highly contagious and can be transmitted by direct contact cell transplantation from a diseased to a non-diseased mucosa. It is primarily diagnosed by cytology and its treatment is chemotherapy being the vincristine sulfate the medicine of choice. The Vincristine has a high rate of effectiveness and low recidivism; however, this alternative has important side effects. The treatment with Vincristine could cause primarily digestive upset, hematological, and nervous diseases. The objective of this work is to determine the efficacy and performance of alternative therapies for the treatment of TVT, firstly, with an autohemoterapy protocol, and using an immunotherapy treatment with yatrenic acid and casein, which acts in the animal's immune system and causes the same organism to eradicate the tumor.

Resumo O Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT), é uma neoplasia comum da espécie canina, localiza-se principalmente na mucosa dos genitais; é altamente contagioso e é o único que pode ser transmitido por transplante de células de contato direto. É diagnosticado por estudo citológico e seu tratamento é a quimioterapia com sulfato de vincristina, a droga de escolha por apresentar alto percentual de eficácia e baixa recorrência; entretanto, efeitos adversos como distúrbios digestivos, sanguíneos e nervosos foram relatados na população tratada. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a eficácia e o comportamento de outras alternativas para o tratamento do TVT; a primeira com um protocolo de auto-hemoterapia e a outra por meio de imunoterapia com ácido yatrênico mais caseína, que atuam no sistema imunológico do animal, fazendo com que o mesmo organismo realize a retirada do tumor.