RESUMEN
Many bacteria and archaea employ a novel pathway of sulfur oxidation involving an enzyme complex that is related to the heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr or HdrABC) of methanogens. As a first step in the biochemical characterization of Hdr-like proteins from sulfur oxidizers (sHdr), we structurally analyzed the recombinant sHdrA protein from the Alphaproteobacterium Hyphomicrobium denitrificans at 1.4 Å resolution. The sHdrA core structure is similar to that of methanogenic HdrA (mHdrA) which binds the electron-bifurcating flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), the heart of the HdrABC-[NiFe]-hydrogenase catalyzed reaction. Each sHdrA homodimer carries two FADs and two [4Fe-4S] clusters being linked by electron conductivity. Redox titrations monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance and visible spectroscopy revealed a redox potential between -203 and -188 mV for the [4Fe-4S] center. The potentials for the FADHâ¢/FADH- and FAD/FADH⢠pairs reside between -174 and -156 mV and between -81 and -19 mV, respectively. The resulting stable semiquinone FADH⢠species already detectable in the visible and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the as-isolated state of sHdrA is incompatible with basic principles of flavin-based electron bifurcation such that the sHdr complex does not apply this new mode of energy coupling. The inverted one-electron FAD redox potentials of sHdr and mHdr are clearly reflected in the different FAD-polypeptide interactions. According to this finding and the assumption that the sHdr complex forms an asymmetric HdrAA'B1C1B2C2 hexamer, we tentatively propose a mechanism that links protein-bound sulfane oxidation to sulfite on HdrB1 with NAD+ reduction via lipoamide disulfide reduction on HdrB2. The FAD of HdrA thereby serves as an electron storage unit. DATABASE: Structural data are available in PDB database under the accession number 6TJR.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Flavina-Adenina Dinucleótido/química , Hyphomicrobium/enzimología , NAD/química , Oxidorreductasas/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Sitios de Unión , Biocatálisis , Clonación Molecular , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Electrones , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Flavina-Adenina Dinucleótido/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Vectores Genéticos/química , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Hyphomicrobium/genética , Modelos Moleculares , NAD/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica en Hélice alfa , Conformación Proteica en Lámina beta , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Multimerización de Proteína , Subunidades de Proteína/química , Subunidades de Proteína/genética , Subunidades de Proteína/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Especificidad por Sustrato , Azufre/química , Azufre/metabolismoRESUMEN
Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident collagen-specific chaperone and essential for proper formation of the characteristic collagen triple helix. It preferentially binds to the folded conformation of its clients and accompanies them from the ER to the Golgi compartment, where it releases them and is recycled back to the ER. Unlike other chaperones, the binding and release cycles are not governed by nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis, but presumably the dissociation of the HSP47-procollagen complex is triggered by the lower pH in the Golgi (pH 6.3) compared with the ER (pH 7.4). Histidine residues have been suggested as triggers due to their approximate textbook pKa value of 6.1 for their side chains. We present here an extensive theoretical and experimental study of the 14 histidine residues present in canine HSP47, where we have mutated all histidine residues in the collagen binding interface and additionally all of those that were predicted to undergo a significant change in protonation state between pH 7 and 6. These mutants were characterized by biolayer interferometry for their pH-dependent binding to a collagen model. One mutant (H238N) loses binding, which can be explained by a rearrangement of the Arg(222) and Asp(385) residues, which are crucial for specific collagen recognition. Most of the other mutants were remarkably silent, but a double mutant with His(273) and His(274) exchanged for asparagines exhibits a much less pronounced pH dependence of collagen binding. This effect is mainly caused by a lower koff at the low pH values.