RESUMEN
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of cosmid clones of human V kappa gene regions to human and primate chromosomes contributed to the dating of chromosome reorganizations in evolution. A clone from the kappa locus at 2p11-p12 (cos 106) hybridized to the assumed homologous chromosome bands in the chimpanzees Pan troglodytes (PTR) and P. paniscus (PPA), the Gorilla gorilla (GGO), and the orangutan Pongo pygmaeus (PPY). Human and both chimpanzees differed from gorilla and orangutan by the mapping of cos 170, a clone derived from chromosome 2cen-q11.2; the transposition of this orphon to the other side of the centromere can, therefore, be dated after the human/chimpanzee and gorilla divergence. Hybridization to homologous bands was also found with a cosmid clone containing a V kappa I orphon located on chromosome 1 (cos 115, main signal at 1q31-q32), although the probe is not fully unique. Also, a clone derived from the orphon V kappa region on chromosome 22q11 (cos 121) hybridized to the homologous bands in the great apes. This indicates that the orphons on human chromosomes 1 and 22 had been translocated early in primate evolution.
Asunto(s)
Mapeo Cromosómico , Hominidae/genética , Cadenas kappa de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Cromosomas Humanos Par 1/genética , Cromosomas Humanos Par 2/genética , Cromosomas Humanos Par 22/genética , Gorilla gorilla , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Pan troglodytes , Pongo pygmaeusRESUMEN
The immunoglobulin kappa genes of nonhuman primates were studied by using sequence information and hybridization probes derived from the human kappa gene regions. The following results were obtained: (1) V kappa gene probes of the three major human kappa subgroups hybridized to restriction nuclease digests of DNA from the chimpanzees Pan troglodytes (PTR) and Pan paniscus (PPA), the gorilla Gorilla gorilla (GGO), the orangutan Pongo pygmaeus (PPY), the macaque Macaca mulatta (MMU), the marmoset Callithrix geoffrei (CGE), and the bushbaby Galago demidovii (GDE), yielding patterns of decreasing similarity to the patterns of the human V kappa multigene family. (2) The C kappa gene segments of PTR, GGO, and PPY were 99.6, 97, and 93%, respectively, identical in sequence to the human C kappa gene. A V kappa gene in PTR, GGO, PPY, and MMU was 98, 96, 96, and 95%, respectively, identical to the most C kappa proximal V kappa gene, called B3. The other two J kappa-C kappa proximal V kappa genes in human, B1 and B2, hybridize to restriction fragments of sizes identical to that of DNA from humans and great apes. (3) The long-range restriction maps of the human (HSA), PTR, and GGO kappa loci as established by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) are quite homologous. According to the maps, however, and to hybridization studies with 11 duplication-differentiating probes, there is only one copy of the locus in PTR and GGO. This means that the duplication of large parts of the kappa locus as found in humans occurred after the branch-point of human and great ape evolution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Cadenas kappa de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Primates/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Línea Celular , ADN , Cartilla de ADN , Humanos , Regiones Constantes de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Región Variable de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Sondas Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Familia de Multigenes , Mapeo RestrictivoRESUMEN
The hypopharyngiogram is a necessary investigation for diseases of the larynx. It is particularly valuable following laryngectomy, since the altered anatomy makes endoscopy difficult and enable only endoluminal tumour to be seen. Following operation and radiotherapy, the radiologist is also confronted by appearances which may be difficult to interpret. A knowledge of the operative technique makes correct diagnosis possible. The radiological signs of malignancy and benignancy have been evaluated and are demonstrated. The result suggests that it is necessary to modify radiological concepts. The possibility of curing early recurrences makes radiological observation very important during follow-up.