RESUMEN
The stone samples of historical monuments around Yildiz Technical University Besiktas Campus were investigated using DNA extraction-PCR-DGGE methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRF, and other analytical methods to assess stone decay over the centuries. Microbial diversity was examined by classical cultivation and modern diagnostic methods besides modern analysis techniques. The number of the microorganisms in per gram of stone samples was calculated by microbial culture methods. SEM analysis showed that stone surfaces have too many pores, decaying pieces and microbial colony. It is put forth by XRF analysis that stone materials have some elements serving the growth of microorganisms. It was concluded that there is a close connection the stone structure and microbial growth, most likely mineralogical composition, hardness and porosity of stone. Cyanobacterial microorganisms lived on stone surfaces were also determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. It was revealed DNA-based molecular analysis of 16S rRNA that 23 bacterial/Cyanobacterial clones were inhabited to stone materials.
Asunto(s)
Cianobacterias , Universidades , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , TurquíaRESUMEN
The research study was about revealing the biochemical response of Gammarus pulex related to insecticide methomyl before and after bioremediation by two soil bacteria species, Ochrobactrum thiophenivorans and Sphingomonas melonis. Catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase.(GST), cytochrome. P4501A1 (CYP1A1) activities in G. Pulex related to methomyl solution were investigated in 24 h and 96 h. ELISA method was used for test studies. CAT enzyme was decreased in Gammarus pulex that was exposed to methomyl after all exposure period (P < 0.05). CAT activities were returned to control results after bioremediation assays. GST enzyme activity was decreased depending on methomyl exposure during 24 h but increased during 4 days (P < 0.05). After 8 days of bioremediation period, GST activity increased again during 24 h while decreased during 4 days (P < 0.05). CYP1A1 activity increased in Gammarus pulex that was exposed to methomyl after all exposure period (P > 0.05). After bioremediation, statistically significant changes were not revealed in CYP1A1 activities (P > 0.05). According to the results of our study, CYP1A1, CAT, and GST activities in G. pulex sanctioned the capability of Ochrobactrum thiophenivorans and Sphingomonas melonis in methomyl bioremediation. Isolated and enriched Ochrobactrum thiophenivorans and Sphingomonas melonis that were added to 2.5 ppb concentrations of methomyl for 8 days. Each day, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), pH and dissolved oxygen parameters were monitored. At the final phase of the bioremediation step, it was determined that these bacteria have efficient methomyl bioremediation properties in a mixed corsortia at a rate of 86%. These results show that these bacteria can be used for bioremediate the receiving environments that are polluted by these kinds of insecticides.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas , Metomil , Ochrobactrum/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo , Sphingomonas/metabolismo , Anfípodos/efectos de los fármacos , Anfípodos/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biodegradación Ambiental , Insecticidas/metabolismo , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Metomil/metabolismo , Metomil/toxicidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidadRESUMEN
Imidacloprid (C9H10ClN5O2) is used as the most recommended type of insecticide in vegetable farming worldwide. Two types of bacteria (Methylobacterium radiotolerans and Microbacterium arthrosphaerae) were isolated from a corn farming field in the Thrace region of Turkey, and then consortia of these bacteria were prepared from equal volumes of 107 CFU/ml for each bacterium type. Imidacloprid remediation studies were carried out during 18 days in soil test units. The water filtered from these soil test units was determined for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to determine the optimum concentration of microorganisms to ascertain the best removal efficiency of Imidacloprid. COD removal rates were 98.7%, 96.4% and 51.6% with 80, 40, and 20 ml volumes of the consortia of bacteria, respectively, at the end of 18 days. The BOD5 removal rates were 88.4%, 78.6% and 49.9% in the same volumes of bacteria, respectively. As a result of this study, we have found that this bacterial consortium is very effective for the bioremediation of this insecticide at the two volumes of 40 and 80 ml, both being better than 20 ml.
Asunto(s)
Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Biodegradación Ambiental , Insecticidas/metabolismo , Methylobacterium/metabolismo , Neonicotinoides/metabolismo , Nitrocompuestos/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Microbacterium , Consorcios Microbianos , Microbiología del SueloRESUMEN
In this study, we aimed to find out the biodegradation efficiency of some soil fungi types on herbicide acetochlor with acetochlor active material, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total organic carbon (TOC) parameters. We also try to determine the population dynamics of these fungi via turbidity. The fungi cultures were isolated from agricultural field in in Thrace region of Turkey. Each fungi enriched in malt extract broth media and 1 mL of these enriched media was inoculated into 100 mL of acetochlor solutions that suggested for using application concantrations in agricultural field for farmers (11000 mg L-1) for sunflower and corn agriculture. Bioremediation results of acetochlor have shown different results according to the types of fungi. Our results indicate that Tolypocladium geodes and Cordyceps cicadae might be used in acetochlor bioremediation with a significant acetochlor, COD, TOC and BOD5 reduction and can be used for rehabilitation of agricultural fields or receiving environments for removal the opposite effects of acetochlor or other herbicides.