RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Femoral head fractures with associated acetabular fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle collisions. Outcomes of Pipkin type IV fractures have been historically poor, with high rates of osteonecrosis, post-traumatic arthritis, and heterotopic ossification. The objective of this study was to define the outcomes of operatively treated Pipkin type IV fractures In addition, we reviewed the available literature of this uncommon injury pattern. METHODS: A retrospective chart review at a single level 1 trauma center from 2007 to 2016 identified 10 patients with Pipkin IV femoral head fractures. Demographic information, fracture type, associated injuries, operative details, and complications were evaluated. Clinical and radiological outcomes were assessed at latest follow-up including conversion to total hip arthroplasty. RESULTS: Six of the seven patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of the femoral head fracture and acetabular fracture through a Kocher-Langenbeck approach aided by a trochanteric flip and one had fragment excision. Six patients (87.5%) developed post-traumatic arthritis. Four (57.1%) later underwent conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) a mean of 20.5 months after index procedure. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a rate of osteonecrosis and osteoarthritis that is even higher than the previously reported studies. The former may relate to longer-term follow-up and the latter possibly due to associated comminuted posterior wall fracture.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas del Fémur , Fracturas de Cadera , Acetábulo/diagnóstico por imagen , Acetábulo/cirugía , Cabeza Femoral/diagnóstico por imagen , Cabeza Femoral/cirugía , Fijación Interna de Fracturas , Fracturas de Cadera/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de Cadera/etiología , Fracturas de Cadera/cirugía , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Public communication campaigns and social marketing literature identify principles for developing effective AIDS education and prevention efforts. Planners need to know the audience, identify salient audience segments, and understand the characteristics of information sources that the particular audience finds believable and is likely to use. In this study, the authors investigated college students' perceptions of (1) the credibility and likelihood of using a variety of interpersonal, media, and institutional sources of information about AIDS; (2) the sources that have provided them with the most information about AIDS; and (3) the relationships among those perceptions. They also investigated potential gender differences in perceptions of sources of AIDS information. Respondents to a larger probability sample survey rated 35 sources of information about AIDS. Although mass media sources clearly provided the greatest amount of information, they were conspicuously less prominent in their acceptability to respondents. Leaflets were the only kinds of media sources that the respondents rated high on both believability and likelihood of use. In contrast, three interpersonal sources and four institutional sources appeared as best choices on the combined criteria. Results are discussed in terms of implications for planning and implementing AIDS education and prevention programs for the college-student audience.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/transmisión , Comunicación , Educación en Salud/métodos , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/prevención & control , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Servicios de Información , Masculino , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/métodos , Estudiantes , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , UniversidadesRESUMEN
The thioanhydride of the herbicide endothall is highly toxic to mice on intraperitoneal (ip) administration, with an LD50 of 0.31 mg/kg compared to 4.0 and 14 mg/kg for the corresponding anhydride and dicarboxylic acid, respectively. This unusually high toxicity of the thioanhydride relative to the anhydride and dicarboxylic acid is observed also for the 5,6-dehydro analogue and less so for the 2-methyl and 5-endo-(cyanomethyl) analogues but not for five related series of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acids, anhydrides, and thioanhydrides with various 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-substituents. Synthesis of [exo,exo-5,6-3H]endothall thioanhydride ([3H]ETA) allowed radioligand binding studies with mouse liver cytosol, which was found to have a high-affinity binding site (apparent dissociation constant 32 nM, maximum number of binding sites 2.8 pmol/mg of protein, greater than 95% specific binding). The potency of 18 endothall analogues as dicarboxylic acids and anhydrides for inhibiting [3H]ETA binding in vitro is a very good predictor of their mouse toxicity (r = 0.95, n = 16; two related compounds are of low activity in both assays) in a similar manner to earlier studies with [3H]-2,3-dimethylendothall anhydride (cantharidin) (r = 0.83, n = 15). This correlation does not extend to most of the thioanhydrides, particularly the 2,3-dimethyl and 2,3-trimethylene compounds, which are the most stable to hydrolytic cleavage. The [3H]ETA binding site of liver cytosol is inhibited 75-80% by LD50 doses of 2,3-dimethylendothall anhydride and thioanhydride but only 24% by an LD50 dose of endothall thioanhydride, with assays 30 min after ip treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/toxicidad , Hígado/metabolismo , Anhídridos/metabolismo , Anhídridos/toxicidad , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Cantaridina/toxicidad , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/metabolismo , Hidrólisis , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Masculino , Ratones , Relación Estructura-ActividadAsunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Arilformamidasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Embrión de Mamíferos/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Hígado/enzimología , Teratógenos , Animales , Carbaril/toxicidad , Embrión de Pollo , Diazinón/toxicidad , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Ratones , Relación Estructura-ActividadAsunto(s)
Piretrinas/metabolismo , Animales , Biotransformación , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hidrólisis , Ratones , Nitrilos , Oxidación-Reducción , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
The infrared thermal mapper (IRTM) was designed to measure the emitted and reflected radiance of Mars. Carried by the Viking Orbiter, the IRTM contains four small Cassegrainian telescopes which each image the same, seven circular areas. There is a total of twenty-eight channels in four surface and one atmospheric thermal bands from 6 microm to 30 microm and a broad solar reflectance band. All channels are sampled simultaneously, using the spacecraft scanning capability to map the radiance over small and large areas of the planet. All channels use thermopile detectors; spectral passbands are determined by a combination of interference filters, detector lense materials, antireflection coatings, and restrahlen optics.
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Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Arilformamidasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Carbamatos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Compuestos Organofosforados , Teratógenos/farmacología , Animales , Embrión de Pollo , Pollos , Técnicas In Vitro , Quinurenina , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Ratones , NAD/análisis , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triptófano/metabolismo , Triptófano Oxigenasa/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/toxicidad , Hidrocarburos Aromáticos con Puentes/toxicidad , Animales , Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/síntesis química , Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/metabolismo , Ácidos Carboxílicos/toxicidad , Pollos , Cucarachas , Femenino , Técnicas In Vitro , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Masculino , Ratones , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Músculos/efectos de los fármacos , Rana pipiens , Relación Estructura-ActividadAsunto(s)
Canfanos/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrocarburos Clorados/aislamiento & purificación , Insecticidas/análisis , Animales , Bioensayo , Canfanos/toxicidad , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Cristalización , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Moscas Domésticas , Hidrocarburos Clorados/toxicidad , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Masculino , Métodos , Ratones , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Toxafeno/análisis , Toxafeno/toxicidadAsunto(s)
Sinergismo Farmacológico , Insecticidas/farmacología , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/biosíntesis , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Sinergistas de Plaguicidas/farmacología , Plaguicidas/farmacología , Alquinos/farmacología , Compuestos de Anilina/metabolismo , Animales , Anisoles/metabolismo , Benzopiranos/farmacología , Carbamatos/metabolismo , Carbamatos/farmacología , Monóxido de Carbono , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Citocromos/metabolismo , Dimetilsulfóxido , Dioxoles/farmacología , Inducción Enzimática , Éteres/farmacología , Hexobarbital/metabolismo , Hexobarbital/farmacología , Hidrocarburos Halogenados/farmacología , Hidroxilación , Técnicas In Vitro , Indoles/farmacología , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Masculino , Metirapona/farmacología , Ratones , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Nitrocompuestos , Nitrofenoles , Compuestos Organofosforados/farmacología , Compuestos Organotiofosforados/farmacología , Butóxido de Piperonilo/farmacología , Proadifeno/farmacología , Pirazoles/farmacología , Rotenona/farmacología , Sueño/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrofotometría , Sulfitos , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The methylene-C(14) group is hydroxylated yielding formate-C(14) in the microsome-reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate system in vitro and yielding expired C(14)O(2), in living mice and houseflies. Methylenedioxyphenyl compounds apparently serve as alternate substrates for this enzymatic hydroxylation system of microsomes, and thus reduce the rate of metabolism and prolong the action of certain drugs and insecticide chemicals.