RESUMEN
The accumulation of respiratory infections in the winter months repeatedly highlights the relevance of prevention through vaccination, even beyond a pandemic. Current developments in this field are therefore highly relevant, particularly for older people who are more susceptible to infections due to immune senescence and comorbidities. The Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) has responded accordingly by recommending the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV20 for standard and indication vaccination of adults. Furthermore, new vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are available for which the STIKO has not yet issued a recommendation. The development of other more effective and more immunogenic vac2cines is being driven in particular by new technologies, such as mRNA or vector vaccines. Various higher valent pneumococcal vaccine candidates and, for example, universal influenza vaccines are also already in development.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la Influenza , Adulto , Humanos , Anciano , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Vacunación , Vacunas contra la Influenza/uso terapéutico , Vacunas NeumococicasRESUMEN
Two historical examples provide important insight into how federal government policies can integrate regional and local food systems to achieve food security during a time of acute crisis. During World War II, American home gardeners, through the federal government's Victory Garden program, supplied 40 percent of the nation's fresh produce, while simultaneously maintaining pre-war commodity production policies favoring large agricultural interests. The recent food crisis in Cuba, precipitated by the collapse of Soviet-bloc trade in the early 1990s, is another historical example that could inform U.S. policymakers on how to achieve food self-sufficiency through reemphasis on small farmers using sustainable practices supplemented with urban gardening. This article aims to ignite government action to strengthen and integrate regional and local food systems into federal food security planning so that citizens can be best prepared for a food emergency. The article first examines laws, regulations and policies put in place during World War II that employed regional and local food networks to satisfy a significant amount of civilian food supply needs. The article also looks at more recent Cuban efforts to achieve forced food self-reliance when, after the end of the Cold War, Soviet subsidies and preferential trading of energy and food supplies ceased almost overnight.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura/organización & administración , Defensa Civil/organización & administración , Planificación en Desastres/organización & administración , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medidas de Seguridad/organización & administración , Agricultura/historia , Agricultura/legislación & jurisprudencia , Defensa Civil/historia , Defensa Civil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Cuba , Planificación en Desastres/historia , Planificación en Desastres/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industria de Alimentos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Jardinería/organización & administración , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Relaciones Interinstitucionales , Medidas de Seguridad/historia , Medidas de Seguridad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ataques Terroristas del 11 de Septiembre , Terrorismo , Estados Unidos , United States Department of Agriculture , United States Department of Homeland Security , United States Food and Drug Administration , Segunda Guerra MundialRESUMEN
A large increase in the number and percentage of degranulating mast cells was observed within thalamus of rats after 6-7 days of thiamine deficiency (TD). No mast cells were detected in the inferior olivary and lateral vestibular nuclei, which are also severely damaged by TD. After 11-12 days of TD, the number of ED2 immunopositive macrophages increased in thalamus. In the brainstem nuclei, an increase in the number of macrophages occurred much earlier in treatment (i.e. day 6). An increase in GFAP-positive astrocytes within thalamus occurred after the changes in mast cells and prior to the increase in macrophages. In brainstem, reactive astrocytes appeared along with the increase in macrophages. These data suggest that mast cell degranulation is a very early response induced by TD, and the resultant release of cytokines and other chemical mediators may play critical roles in both the early vascular damage and eventual tissue destruction within thalamus, but not within brainstem. These results also suggest that macrophages and reactive astrocytes may play more direct roles in the pathogenesis of brainstem lesions.