RESUMEN
On the basis of previous SAR findings and molecular modeling studies, a series of compounds were synthesized which possessed various sulfonyl moieties substituted at the 4-position of the C-3 phenyl ring substituent of the dihydropyran-2-one ring system. The sulfonyl substituents were added in an attempt to fill the additional S(3)' pocket and thereby produce increasingly potent inhibitors of the target enzyme. Racemic and enantiomerically resolved varieties of selected compounds were synthesized. All analogues in the study displayed decent binding affinity to HIV protease, and several compounds were shown to possess very good antiviral efficacy and safety margins. X-ray crystallographic structures confirmed that the sulfonamide and sulfonate moieties were filling the S(3)' pocket of the enzyme. However, the additional substituent did not provide improved enzymatic inhibitory or antiviral activity as compared to the resolved unsubstituted aniline. The addition of the sulfonyl moiety substitution does not appear to provide favorable pharamacokinectic parameters. Selected inhibitors were tested for antiviral activity in clinical isolates and exhibited similar antiviral activity against all of the HIV-1 strains tested as they did against the wild-type HIV-1. In addition, the inhibitors exhibited good antiviral efficacies against HIV-1 strains that displayed resistance to the currently marketed protease inhibitors.
Asunto(s)
Arilsulfonatos/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/síntesis química , Piranos/síntesis química , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Animales , Arilsulfonatos/química , Arilsulfonatos/farmacocinética , Arilsulfonatos/farmacología , Disponibilidad Biológica , Línea Celular , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450 , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacología , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/virología , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Piranos/química , Piranos/farmacocinética , Piranos/farmacología , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
5,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease, which bind to the S1, S2, S1', and S2' pockets and have a unique binding mode with the catalytic aspartyl groups and the flap region of the enzyme. Efforts to explore 3-position heterocyclic scaffolds that bind to the S1' and S2' pockets have provided a number of selected analogs that display high HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity. reserved.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/metabolismo , Proteasa del VIH/metabolismo , Pironas/síntesis química , Pironas/farmacología , Sitios de Unión , Simulación por Computador , Diseño de Fármacos , Proteasa del VIH/química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacología , Hidrocarburos Aromáticos/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Pironas/metabolismo , Programas Informáticos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Alcoholes del Azúcar/metabolismo , Valina/análogos & derivados , Valina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dihydropyran-2-ones possessing a sulfamate moiety at the 4-position of the thiophenyl ring were designed to reach S3' pocket of the HIV protease. Synthetic routes for the preparation of thiotosylates possessing 3-(2-t-butyl-5-methyl-4-sulfamate) phenylthio moiety were established. SAR of various sulfamate analogs including HIV protease binding affinities, antiviral activities and therapeutic indices will be described.
Asunto(s)
Disulfuros/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/síntesis química , Pironas/síntesis química , Ácidos Sulfónicos/química , Animales , Disulfuros/química , Disulfuros/farmacología , VIH/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacología , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Pironas/química , Pironas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Ácidos Sulfónicos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Dihydropyran-2-ones possessing amino and carboxamide functionalities on 3-SPh (2-tert-butyl, 5-methyl) ring were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activities. Both the enantiomers of inhibitor 15 were synthesized. The in vitro resistance profile, inhibitory activities against cytochrome P450 isozymes and pharmacokinetic properties of inhibitor 15S will be discussed.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacocinética , Piranos/síntesis química , Piranos/farmacocinética , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Perros , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Cinética , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
With the insight generated by the availability of X-ray crystal structures of various 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones bound to HIV PR, inhibitors possessing various alkyl groups at the 6-position of 5,6-dihydropyran-2-one ring were synthesized. The inhibitors possessing a 6-alkyl group exhibited superior antiviral activities when compared to 6-phenyl analogues. Antiviral efficacies were further improved upon introduction of a polar group (hydroxyl or amino) on the 4-position of the phenethyl moiety as well as the polar group (hydroxymethyl) on the 3-(tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenylthio) moiety. The polar substitution is also advantageous for decreasing toxicity, providing inhibitors with higher therapeutic indices. The best inhibitor among this series, (S)-6-[2-(4-aminophenyl)-ethyl]-(3-(2-tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenylsulfa nyl)-4-hydroxy-6-isopropyl-5,6-dihydro-pyran-2-one (34S), exhibited an EC50 of 200 nM with a therapeutic index of > 1000. More importantly, these non-peptidic inhibitors, 16S and 34S, appear to offer little cross-resistance to the currently marketed peptidomimetic PR inhibitors. The selected inhibitors tested in vitro against mutant HIV PR showed a very small increase in binding affinities relative to wild-type HIV PR. Cmax and absolute bioavailability of 34S were higher and half-life and time above EC95 were longer compared to 16S. Thus 34S, also known as PD 178390, which displays good antiviral efficacy, promising pharmacokinetic characteristics and favorable activity against mutant enzymes and CYP3A4, has been chosen for further preclinical evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Disulfuros/química , Disulfuros/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacología , Pironas/química , Pironas/farmacología , Línea Celular , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450 , Disulfuros/síntesis química , Proteasa del VIH/química , Proteasa del VIH/genética , Proteasa del VIH/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/síntesis química , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Cinética , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Pironas/síntesis química , Relación Estructura-ActividadAsunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacología , VIH-1/enzimología , Pironas/síntesis química , Pironas/farmacología , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacocinética , Fenómenos Químicos , Química Física , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacocinética , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Cinética , Ratones , Pironas/farmacocinética , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrone template was utilized as a flexible scaffolding from which to build potent active site inhibitors of HIV protease. Dihydropyrone 1c (5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-[(2-phenylethyl)thio]-2H-pyran-2-one) was modeled in the active site of HIV protease utilizing a similar binding mode found for the previously reported 4-hydroxybenzopyran-2-ones. Our model led us to pursue the synthesis of 6,6-disubstituted dihydropyrones with the aim of filling S1 and S2 and thereby increasing the potency of the parent dihydropyrone 1c which did not fill S2. Toward this end we attached various hydrophobic and hydrophilic side chains at the 6-position of the dihydropyrone to mimic the natural and unnatural amino acids known to be effective substrates at P2 and P2'. Parent dihydropyrone 1c (IC50 = 2100 nM) was elaborated into compounds with greater than a 100-fold increase in potency [18c, IC50 = 5 nM, 5-(3,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-phenyl-5-[2-phenylethyl)thio] -2H-pyran-2-yl)pentanoic acid and 12c, IC50 = 51 nM, 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-6-(2-phenylethyl)-3- [(2-phenyl-ethyl)thio]-2H-pyran-2-one]. Optimization of the 3-position fragment to fill S1' and S2' afforded potent HIV protease inhibitor 49 [IC50 = 10 nM, 3-[(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-5,6-dihydro-4 -hydroxy-6-phenyl-6-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-pyran-2-one]. The resulting low molecular weight compounds (< 475) have one or no chiral centers and are readily synthesized.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacología , Pironas/síntesis química , Pironas/farmacología , Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Sitios de Unión , Cumarinas/síntesis química , Cumarinas/farmacología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diseño de Fármacos , Proteasa del VIH/metabolismo , VIH-1/enzimología , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
New templates were designed and prepared which straddle the active site of HIV-1 protease. These templates were designed to be "flexible scaffolds' upon which substituents could be appended to fill the pockets of HIV protease. The new templates prepared and analysed were 4-hydroxy-5H-furan-2-ones, 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones, 3-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-enones, and 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinones, of which the 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones were found to be the most potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.