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PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of using statins and ascorbic acid for the prevention of post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) in patients undergoing urologic diagnostic elective contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). METHODS: This registered trial (NCT03391830) was for statin naïve patients underwent elective CECT. Patients were randomized allocated to two groups: the first group received atorvastatin 80-mg the day before the study and atorvastatin 40-mg two hours before the CECT and for continue on atorvastatin 40-mg two days after CECT; plus ascorbic acid 500 mg with atorvastatin. The other group received two tablets of placebo once/daily before the procedure and for another 3 days. The primary outcome was to assess the incidence PC-AKI. RESULTS: The baseline parameters were comparable between both groups. The final median (interquartile range "IQR") serum creatinine were 0.80 (0.60, 1.00) and 0.80 (0.60, 1.00), respectively, with insignificant p-value (p = 0.8). The median (IQR) final estimated GFR were 95.2 (72.8, 108.1) and 88.6 (71.9, 111.0) mL/min in placebo and statin plus ascorbic acid groups, respectively (p = 0.48). The eGFR difference median (IQR) were - 6.46 (- 11.72, - 4.18) and - 6.57 (- 13.38, - 3.82) ml/min in placebo and statin plus ascorbic acid groups, respectively (p = 0.58). PC-AKI occurred in 11 patients (9.8%) in placebo group and in 3 patients (3%) in statin plus ascorbic acid group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Statin and ascorbic acid did not statistically improve neither serum creatinine nor eGFR values in patient underwent CECT. However, it can decrease the incidence of the clinically insignificant PC-AKI.

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INTRODUCTION: Identification of benign lesions among higher classes of renal Bosniak cysts who are vulnerable to active surveillance instead of surgical approach is still questionable. We aimed in this study to delineate the efficacy of the new Bosniak v2019 classification in benign lesions identification among those cases with higher Bosniak classes in comparison with the final histopathology. MATERIALS: In a retrospective review between 2010 and 2021 for patients diagnosed as higher classes Bosniak renal masses was done. Patients' demographics and radiological data i.e.,: age, gender, and final Bosniak v2019 categorization for class III: (1) Enhancing thick wall/septa >4 mm (III-WS) and (2) Enhancing irregular wall/septa or convex protrusion with obtuse margins <3 mm (III-OP) and for class IV as: (1) Enhancing nodule or convex protrusion with obtuse margins >4 mm (IV-OP) and (2) Enhancing nodule or convex protrusion with acute margins of any size (IV-AP). RESULTS: A total of 137 patients were included. Bosniak III was identified in 56 patients. Malignancy was detected in 74.5% of resected masses. Among resected Bosniak III cyst, 46.4% were benign histopathologically. Male gender and Bosniak III-OP were independent risks for malignancy among the resected Bosniak III cysts. Conversely, in resected Bosniak IV renal cysts, only 9 of resected masses were benign. In univariate analysis, male gender, absence of multilocular cyst and endophytic masses were predictors for malignancy in resected Bosniak IV cyst. None of the previous predictors was significant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The Bosniak subclassification v.2019 can define benign lesions. Bosniak III-OP was an independent risk for malignancy detection among the resected Bosniak III cysts.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The management of bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is greatly debated. We aim to identify the risk of early postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in relation to the sequence of intervention in children with bilateral UPJO managed in a sequential manner. METHODS: A single center database was retrospectively reviewed for children ≤2 years who underwent bilateral pyeloplasty. According to the differential renal function on the preoperative renograms, patients were categorized into group A: pyeloplasty on the poorer functioning kidney first and group B: pyeloplasty on the better functioning side first. Serum creatinine and eGFR, using the modified Schwartz formula, were evaluated at four time points (I): before the first intervention (II): within 48 h of the first intervention (III): before the second intervention and (IV): within 48 h of the second intervention. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared. The incidence of early postoperative AKI in both groups was defined according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. RESULTS: The study comprised 46 children treated by staged pyeloplasty, 28 of them underwent pyeloplasty on the poorer functioning side first. Baseline serum creatinine and eGFR were not significantly different between both groups. Patients who underwent pyeloplasty on the poorer functioning side first, had a significant decline of eGFR after the first intervention (p = 0.006). Conversely, no significant eGFR changes were observed after the first or second interventions in the other group (figure). Overall, 64.3% and 33.3% of patients developed some degrees of AKI when intervention was started on the poorer and better functioning renal units, respectively (p = 0.04). DISCUSSION: Bilaterality is seen in approximately » of patients with UPJO. Oftentimes, both renal units are asymmetrically affected with little data to guide surgeons on the optimal sequence of intervention. Following pyeloplasty, 52.2% of the evaluated children with bilateral UPJO had early postoperative AKI, mostly of low stage. Our data suggest that intervening first on the better functioning side allows for better recovery of the renal functional reserve and lowers the risk of postoperative AKI. CONCLUSION: In children with bilateral UPJO, starting intervention on the poorer functioning kidney is associated with increased risk of postoperative AKI. Long-term prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.

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Adjuvant medical expulsive therapy (MET) for shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is controversial. With limited use of the computed tomography (CT), the stone free rate (SFR) become overestimated. Herein we evaluate tamsulosin post-SWL for renal stone using the CT to assess SFR. A randomized controlled trial (NCT05032287) was carried out for renal stone patients amenable for SWL. Patients were allocated after 1st session of SWL to receive tamsulosin 0.4 mg or placebo once daily from the 1st day of SWL and for 3-months or becoming stone free. The primary outcome was SFR, defined by presence of residual fragments (RF) ≤ 3 mm (3C-SFR). The 3C-SFR were 73.8% and 59.6% in tamsulosin and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.03). The median (IQR) pain scores were 3 (3, 5) and 5 (3, 6) in tamsulosin and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.04), However, the post-SWL complication and add-on analgesia needed showed no significance differences between groups. The median time for stone free were 30 days (95% CI: 27.29-32.71) in tamsulosin arm, and 36 days (95% CI: 31.01-40.99) in placebo arm, HR = 1.42 (95% CI: 1.02-1.98). Tamsulosin has more reversible adverse effect, compared to placebo (p = 0.03). In our study, the use of tamsulosin as MET following SWL facilitates expulsion of retained residual fragments. Tamsulosin shortens time to reach stone free, decreases pain scores. However, tamsulosin does not affect the add-on IV analgesics and have more reversible adverse effect, compared to placebo.

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PURPOSE: Due to the data paucity about the functional outcomes post pyeloplasty for patients diagnosed with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) with a preoperative age above the age of 45 years and according to the elderly definition (age ≥ 65 years), we conducted this study to clarify the different outcomes in adults presented with late hydronephrosis. METHODS: We included patients who were managed by pyeloplasty with a preoperative age ≥ 45 years. We further subdivided those patients into; group (A) patient's age ≥ 65 years and group (B) patient's age ≥ 45 and < 65 years. Split renal function (SRF) difference was evaluated by the changes between the last follow-up and the baseline renogram, where 5% change was considered a significant change. Functional outcomes and factors predicting the functional recoverability post pyeloplasty were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 119 patients were included. The mean age was 62.3 ± 16.4 years. Group (A) and group (B) included 47 and 72 patients, respectively. After 24 months, GFR and SRF were increased at the last follow-up (P = 0.32 and 0.57, respectively). No significant functional changes were noted between both groups. Sixty two, 7 and 13 patients showed static, decreased and improved renal function. Lower preoperative SRF was the only predictor for poor functional recoverability in patients with age ≥ 45 years who were managed by pyeloplasty. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients should not be excluded from the corrective surgery for UPJO. Lower preoperative SRF was the only predictor for renal function deterioration post pyeloplasty.

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INTRODUCTION: Some patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) have supranormal differential renal function (snDRF). We aimed to study the outcomes of pyeloplasty in adult patients with UPJO and either snDRF or normal differential renal function (nDRF) and to identify preoperative factors responsible for the snDRF phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively retrieved data for all patients who underwent pyeloplasty and had snDRF (differential renal function [DRF] ≥55%) and nDRF (DRF between 45 and 55%) preoperatively. Preoperative radiological data using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were correlated with the presence of snDRF phenomenon. In addition, scintigraphic findings pre- and post-operatively were also assessed to evaluate the functional outcomes. RESULTS: Of a total of 856 patients, 31 had snDRF (group 1) and 42 had nDRF (group 2). After a mean of 37 months' follow-up in Group 1, 22 patients developed DRF reduction with non-obstructive pattern. Mean DRF % decreased from 59 ± 2.8 to 48 ± 13 (P < 0.0001). However, in Group 2, five patients had DRF decrease. Four patients developed snDRF phenomenon postoperatively. Increased renal pelvis volume ≥50 mm3 and increased anteroposterior pelvic diameter (APD) ≥37 mm were found to predict snDRF phenomenon. The same findings, in addition to preoperative snDRF, correlated with postoperative DRF decrease. CONCLUSION: SnDRF function could be expected in patients with increased renal pelvis volume and APD. The absolute value or changes in DRF are not reliable to judge treatment failure.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term functional outcomes after pyeloplasty in solitary kidney (SK) models and to define factors affecting postoperative renal function recoverability in adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated all adult patients who underwent pyeloplasty for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) in SK. Long-term renal function was assessed by diuretic scintigraphy and morphological changes were also determined, e.g. renal parenchymal volume (RPV) and parenchymal thickness (PT). We considered a >20% increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as improvement, >20% decrease as deterioration, and changes within 20% as stationary renal function. Univariate and multivariate analysis for factors affecting renal function recoverability, including the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) Staging System postoperatively, were performed. RESULTS: The study included 62 patients with a mean (SD) age of 29 (10.5) years. At a median of 48 months, the mean (SD) GFR increased from 41.3 (17) to 48.5 (20.1) mL/min (P < 0.001), with a significant increase in RPV and PT (P = 0.02 and P = 0.001, respectively). Follow-up renal function was static, improved and decreased in 39 (63.4%), 17 (27%) and six (9.6%) patients, respectively. Functional success was achieved in 90.4%. Patient's age ≥39 years, PT ≤0.75 cm and higher early postoperative AKIN staging were predictors associated with a 4.8-, 3.2- and 2.7-fold deterioration in renal function. CONCLUSION: Pyeloplasty in SK preserved renal function in 90.4% of the present patients. Pyeloplasty in SK when associated with older age, decreased PT preoperatively, and early higher AKIN staging postoperatively was associated with poor renal function recoverability.

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Objective: To assess the long-term outcomes after pyeloplasty for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) associated with renal anomalies. Patients and methods: Data were collected for patients after pyeloplasty for PUJO associated with renal anomalies and analysed retrospectively. Long-term functional success was evaluated by comparing the renographic split renal function (SRF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at last follow-up with baseline values. A change of 5% in SRF was considered significant. Factors affecting functional outcome were assessed. The outcomes were compared to an age, sex and renal function matched group with PUJO in otherwise normal kidneys (Group 2) to evaluate the pattern of difference in functional recoverability in both groups. This was assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The study initially included 70 adult patients, with a mean age of 31.8 years. At a median of 44 months, 55 patients completed follow-up (Group 1) and no statistically significant changes in GFR (P = 0.7) and SRF (P = 0.06) were found. In all, 17, four and 34 patients showed a decrease, increase and static SRF (functional success rate was 69%). Higher preoperative SRF (P = 0.02) and Anderson-Hynes (A-H) pyeloplasty (P = 0.003) were associated with functional preservation. In the comparison with the other matched group (Group 2), the patients in Group 2 had better functional recoverability after pyeloplasty than patients with associated anomalies [GFR (P = 0.001), SRF (P = 0.002) and functional success (P = 0.001)]. Conclusion: Functional preservation after pyeloplasty in associated renal anomalies could be achieved in 69% of patients, which was significantly lower than those with otherwise normal kidneys. A-H pyeloplasty and higher preoperative SRF were associated with better functional outcomes. Abbreviations: A-H: Anderson-Hynes; HSK: horseshoe kidneys; OR: odds ratio; PUJO: PUJ obstruction; SRF: split renal function; T1/2, half-time.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess long-term clinical and functional outcomes postpyeloplasty in unilateral UPJO in poorly functioning kidneys in exclusive adult population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the database of all cases admitted with unilateral UPJO treated with pyeloplasty and preoperative split renal function (SRF) was <30% (by diuretic MAG-3 renography). We further subdivided patients into 2 groups; group (A) SRF ≤20% and group (B) SRF >20% and <30%. Renal function difference was evaluated by the changes in SRF at last follow-up, where 5% change was considered significant. Functional success was defined as absence of obstructive pattern on diuretic renogram with no decline in renal function. Clinical success is defined as no need of secondary intervention (redo pyeloplasty, nephrectomy, stenting, or endopyelotomy). RESULTS: Among 211 patients. The mean SRF was 20.5 ± 6.6%. After a median follow-up of 67.1 ± 11.8 months, SRF increased significantly to 23.5 ± 7.5 (P<.0001). In group (A) 92 patients, SRF increased from 14.3 ± 4.9 to 18.7 ± 7.1 (P <.0001). Functional success was achieved in 88 (95.6%) patients. Whereas, in group (B), SRF increased from 24.9 ± 3.3 to 27.2 ± 6.3 (P <.0001) at last follow-up. Functional success was achieved in 121 (95%) patients. Static SRF in serial follow-up renography had been observed after 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Pyeloplasty provides high rates of functional success in poorly functioning kidneys. After 12 months follow-up, SRF seems to be static without deterioration.

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