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BACKGROUND: Pes planovalgus (PPV) deformity is common among cerebral palsy (CP) patients. There is no true consensus about the best way of treating this common deformity, especially when surgical interference is required. Treatment options range from orthotics to complex surgical procedures. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of 2 different procedures in the correction of symptomatic flexible PPV in ambulatory CP patients. METHODS: A total of 57 feet in 35 patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1, subtalar arthroereisis group, using the calcaneostop technique; group 2, lateral column lengthening group, using Evans osteotomy. Patients were assessed clinically by the clinical score proposed by Yoo et al and radiologically by measuring 7 weight-bearing angles, both preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. Patients' (or parents') satisfaction and their tolerance to braces or shoes were assessed 12 months after surgery as secondary outcome parameters. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant improvement in both primary and secondary outcome parameters after both procedures in comparison to the preoperative parameters. No statistically significant differences were observed between the 2 groups regarding the outcomes of both procedures except for the greater power of arthroereisis in the correction of hindfoot valgus, which was statistically significant both clinically and radiographically. CONCLUSION: Both procedures are valid options for the surgical management of PPV in ambulatory children with spastic CP. The less-invasive nature and lower potential morbidity suggest that judicious use of arthroereisis is appropriate for some patients, especially in the context of single-event multilevel surgery. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level II: Prospective, comparative study.

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BACKGROUND: Calcaneo-cuboid-cuneiform (triple C) osteotomies correct all levels of deformity of flexible planovalgus feet (PVF) in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). The objective was assessing short term results and the hypothesis was that static pedobarography correlates with radiological parameters as outcome measures. METHODS: A prospective case series of consecutive skeletally immature ambulatory spastic CP patients above the age of 4 years who underwent triple C for PVF. Assessment was done using static pedobarography and standing dorsoplantar (DP) and lateral radiographs. The calcaneal pitch, lateral talocalcaneal, lateral and DP talo-first metatarsal, and DP talonavicular coverage angles were measured. RESULTS: Eighteen feet (12 patients) were analyzed. Postoperative changes in lateral and DP talo-first metatarsal, and DP talonavicular coverage angles were statistically significant (P-value=0 with paired T-test). Post operative foot pressure changes were significant and highest in mid-foot. Both outcomes were related together with a p-value of 1 using McNemar test. CONCLUSIONS: The triple C and associated soft tissue procedures reliably corrected PVF deformities. Static pedobarography can be used for postoperative assessment of adequate correction.

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BACKGROUND: Rachitic genu varus is one of the common conditions among the Egyptian children, despite the shinning sun of Egypt all the year. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of rachitic genu varus among the Egyptian children, and to assess the risk factors contributing to it. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study recruited a total of 250 consecutive children, being 130 males and 120 females, with rachitic bow legs or genu varus, between 2 - 4 years of age, together with 250 controls of the same age group, out of a total number of 1900 children with other types of rickets, and other children's orthopaedic diseases, who presented to the National Institute of Neuromotor System in Egypt between September 2014 to September 2015. The cases and the controls were subjected to clinical, laboratory biochemical, and plain radiographic examinations. Their parents were subjected to epidemiological, maternal, and nutritional questionnaires. RESULTS: The calculations revealed high incidence (13.1%) of rachitic genu varus. The risk factors were low socioeconomic status, insufficient family income, poor housing conditions, lack of exposure to sunlight due to cultural practices, sole breast feeding, and inadequate supplementation of vitamin D to the children and the pregnant women. The p value was <0.05. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency rachitic genu varus is a multifactorial condition in Egypt. Raising the standard of living, level of education, housings, and dietary supplementation of vitamin D to the pregnant women and infants are the solution.

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Rigid equinovarus foot is a challenging problem. Talectomy has been advocated as a salvage procedure to achieve a plantigrade painless foot in the treatment of rigid equinovarus deformity. The present prospective observational study evaluated the effectiveness of talectomy in the treatment of Dimeglio grade IV rigid equinovarus feet. Nineteen feet in 13 patients were treated by talectomy from September 2001 through January 2012 (10-year, 2-month period). Of the 13 patients, 9 (69.23%) had a foot deformity due to arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and 1 (7.69%) each due to sacral agenesis, spastic cerebral palsy, neglected congenital talipes equinovarus, and post-traumatic contracture. Of the 13 patients, 9 (69.23%) were male and 4 (30.77%) were female. Their mean age was 7.7 (range 3 to 26) years. The mean follow-up duration was 6.4 (range 2 to 11) years. Along with talectomy, excision of the navicular was performed in 8 feet (42.11%), calcaneal osteotomy with a laterally based wedge in 8 (42.11%), and calcaneocuboid fusion in 3 feet (15.79%). Postoperatively, all the feet improved to Dimeglio grade II and were painless, and 16 feet (84.22%) were plantigrade; 1 foot (5.26%) had residual equinus resulting from incomplete removal of the talus and 2 (10.53%) had residual varus. Also, 3 feet (15.79%) had forefoot adduction (2 residual and 1 recurrent) that required a second surgery to correct the deformity. From our experience, talectomy is an effective procedure for correction of severe rigid equinovarus feet, provided that the talus is completely removed and the calcaneus is positioned correctly in the ankle mortise.

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