RESUMEN
Present in quantities ranging from hundreds of milligrams to several grams in various environmental compartments, trace metal elements (TMEs), formerly known as "heavy metals," have been the subject of much discussion in recent years due to their major toxicological impact on human health. They are divided into essential elements such as iron, zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, and toxic elements such as mercury, cadmium, lead, lithium, and arsenic. Essential trace elements play a vital role in the body, and their deficiency can alter important physiological functions, while toxic elements have no physiological role and can lead to serious illnesses. However, essential elements can also cause intoxication depending on their concentrations and chemical forms. The industrialization of the modern world exposes the global population to high concentrations of trace elements that can be toxic in the short or long term. These TMEs enter the human body through various pathways (inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact). The clinical manifestations of TME intoxications are highly varied and nonspecific, making their diagnosis and management difficult. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows the detection of TME intoxications. Indeed, it enables the simultaneous quantification of around thirty trace metal elements in biological media. Thus, it has led to the establishment of a new approach: the metal profile, which has many applications in clinical biology and clinical, forensic, occupational, or environmental toxicology.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Metales Pesados , Oligoelementos , Humanos , Oligoelementos/análisis , Oligoelementos/efectos adversos , Intoxicación por Metales Pesados/diagnóstico , Intoxicación por Metales Pesados/etiología , Intoxicación por Metales Pesados/epidemiología , Metales Pesados/análisis , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Intoxicación/diagnóstico , Intoxicación/etiología , Metales/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas/métodosRESUMEN
Synthetic cannabinoids (CS), or synthetic endocannabinoid receptor agonists, were initially synthesized for basic research into exocannabinoid signaling pathways, as well as in clinical research for their analgesic properties. The use of CS for recreational purposes is a recent phenomenon, but one that has grown very quickly in recent years, since these molecules now represent the main category of new synthetic products (NPS). This literature review aims to bring together current data regarding the use and effects caused by CS in humans. The relationship between the structure and activity of these CSs, the pharmacology and adverse effects of these CSs and finally the different methods of analyzing CSs. A better understanding of this phenomenon is essential to raise awareness among stakeholders in the health field.
Asunto(s)
Cannabinoides , Humanos , Cannabinoides/efectos adversos , Cannabinoides/toxicidad , Drogas Sintéticas/efectos adversos , Drogas Sintéticas/química , Drogas Sintéticas/toxicidad , Drogas Ilícitas/efectos adversos , Drogas Ilícitas/toxicidad , Agonistas de Receptores de Cannabinoides/efectos adversos , Animales , Drogas de Diseño/efectos adversos , Drogas de Diseño/químicaRESUMEN
Atractylis L gummifera is a plant that causes every year serious and often deadly poisonings. In Morocco, 153 cases of poisoning have been recorded between January 1980 and June 1995 by the Moroccan Antipoison Centre. The ignorance by the clinicians, the fast evolution and the frequency of these poisonings are the origin of diagnosis problems. The solution of those problems is to detect atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside in the biologic liquids. Since several decades, some toxicological analytical methods were established in view of an assay. The aim of our paper is to describe the poisoning by this plant and to review the methods of toxicological analysis used from the colorimetric technique until the news recent chromatographic methods.