RESUMEN
Understanding the barriers and assists to integrating ergonomics into production system design remains a research issue. An action research case study at Volvo Powertrain/Sweden was conducted. Researchers worked collaboratively with the firm in efforts to improve the company's ability to handle ergonomics in their daily work of improving and developing production systems. Researchers observed and reflected collectively on the change process using field notes and recordings to support their observations. Observed integration barriers included both individual level issues like life events, and organisational aspects such as communication barriers between groups or assignment of tasks to people not involved in decision-making. Observed assists included the 'political reflective navigation' (c.f. Broberg, O., Hermund, I., 2004. The OHS consultant as a 'political reflective navigator' in technological change processes. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 33 (4), 315-326) by the project owner to find new ways to overcome barriers and anchor ergonomics into the organisation. While special 'ergonomics' groups did not survive long, progress was observed in including ergonomics in regular design groups. A cross-functional workshop that fostered discussion across organisational boundaries helped shift focus from retrofitting systems to future production systems and improve engagement of engineering teams. Progress was marked by both success and setbacks and full integration appears to require more than 2 years time. It is concluded that support by senior managers should include succession planning for personnel that are key to the change effort.
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Automóviles , Ergonomía , Industrias , Educación , Ingeniería , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Materiales Manufacturados , SueciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Malignant lymphoma (ML) in HIV patients, are second in frequency to Kaposi's sarcoma (AKS) as AIDS-defining tumors. In Africa the frequency of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) is rare and the findings are controversial. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) lesions are now causally associated with KSHV/HHV-8 but whether African ARL shows this association is not clear. METHOD: Cancer registry data was reviewed for retrospective cases. Both retrospective and prospective lymphoma cases were classified according to the revised European-American (REAL) classification. Immunephenotyping was performed on both frozen and fixed paraffin sections. Viral DNA was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of formalin fixed or frozen biopsies. In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to determine the presence of EBV encoded RNA (EBER). OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency and type of AIDS and non-AIDS related malignant lymphoma in Tanzania and a possible co-association with KSHV/HHV-8 and EBV. RESULTS: An overall increasing tendency for ML in Tanzania was observed during 1991-94 and a clear increase from 1993. The tumors were classified as Burkitt's (6), diffuse large cell (10), precursor-B lymphoblastic (1) and Hodgkin's disease (5) from HIV positive and negative patients. Ten (40%) high grade ML and three Hodgkin's lymphoma from HIV patients had HHV-8 DNA. These findings were not related to age, sex or type of lymphoma. There was no association of HHV-8 with the lymphoma cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was demonstrable in most (13/18; 72%) of the tested tumors and seven (31.8%) had both HHV-8 and EBV. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests an overall increased frequency of ML patients infected with HHV-8 in Tanzania particularly in HIV patients which may result from the well established high HHV-8 prevalence in the general population, but HHV-8 was not associated with ARL pathogenesis as reflected by lack of tumor cell infection. As opposed to EBV, measures targeting HHV-8 for control of ML may therefore not be appropriate.
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Linfoma Relacionado con SIDA/epidemiología , Linfoma/epidemiología , Linfoma/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia con Aguja , Linfoma de Burkitt/epidemiología , Linfoma de Burkitt/patología , Niño , Preescolar , Países en Desarrollo , Femenino , Herpesvirus Humano 4/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Humano 8/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedad de Hodgkin/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Hodgkin/patología , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación in Situ , Incidencia , Linfoma Relacionado con SIDA/patología , Linfoma no Hodgkin/epidemiología , Linfoma no Hodgkin/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Sarcoma de Kaposi/epidemiología , Sarcoma de Kaposi/patología , Sarcoma de Kaposi/virología , Análisis de Supervivencia , Tanzanía/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The mechanisms that regulate intramyocellular triglycerol (IMTG) storage and mobilization are largely unknown. However, during the last decades several intracellular fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have been identified. FABP3 is the dominating FABP in skeletal muscle. Expression of additional FABPs is suggested from findings in FABP3-null mutated mice. In the present study, our aims were to investigate if FABP4 is expressed within skeletal muscle fibers and if FABP3 and FABP4 are more abundant in skeletal muscle fibers in endurance-trained than in control subjects. We show that FABP4 protein is expressed within the skeletal muscle fibers and that FABP4 mRNA and protein are more abundant in the endurance trained subjects. Still, FABP4 is markedly less expressed than FABP3, which is the generally accepted dominating FABP in skeletal muscle tissue.
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Proteínas de Unión a Ácidos Grasos/aislamiento & purificación , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Proteína 3 de Unión a Ácidos Grasos , Proteínas de Unión a Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , MasculinoRESUMEN
Oestrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is expressed in human skeletal muscle tissue. In the present study, we have developed an immunohistochemical method to reveal if ERbeta is located within the muscle fibres as well as within capillaries. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from m. quadriceps femoris vastus lateralis in four healthy young subjects. Immunohistochemical triple staining was applied to transverse sections of paraffin-wax-embedded tissue. The basement membrane of muscle fibres and capillaries was identified by using an antibody to collagen IV, endothelial cells using an antibody to CD34 and ERbeta using a corresponding antibody. The ERbeta-positive (ERbeta+) nuclei were located within the muscle fibre defined by the localisation of collagen IV. ERbeta+ nuclei were also, for the first time, found in endothelial cells of capillaries in skeletal muscle tissue. Quantification was performed on transverse cryostat sections after performing a double staining (collagen IV and ERbeta). It was shown that 24% of the ERbeta+ nuclei were located within capillaries, and 76% were located within muscle fibres. In conclusion, ERbeta in human skeletal muscle tissue is expressed not only in the muscle fibres themselves, but also within the capillary endothelial cells. This observation might improve understanding of the physiological role of oestrogen and its receptor.
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Endotelio Vascular/citología , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/citología , Músculo Esquelético/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biopsia con Aguja , Capilares/citología , Capilares/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo IV/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/citología , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta , Humanos , Masculino , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The prevalence and differentiation of dendritic cells (DC) in lymphoid tissue of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cynomolgus monkeys was studied during disease progression. Lymph node biopsies were consecutively obtained from clinical rapid and slow progressors until the development of disease consistent with simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (sAIDS) occurred. Quantitative evaluation of CD1a+ DC and the expression of DC antigens related to maturation (CD83, DC-LAMP and S100b) were performed at the single cell level by in situ image analysis. Despite a persistent prevalence of CD1a+ DC in lymphoid tissue during disease progression, there was a subsequent drop of mature CD83+, DC-LAMP+ and S100b+ DC, correlating with the decline of CD4+ T cells in blood. Thus, disease progression to sAIDS was associated with impaired maturation of DC, and lack of CD83, DC-LAMP and S100b expression.