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Stereology is a discipline that allows us to obtain quantitative information about the geometric structure of three-dimensional objects. In this study, the volume of grey matter (GM), white matter (WM), and lateral ventricle (LV) of the cerebral hemispheres (CH) in sheep and goats were calculated. For this purpose, six healthy male sheep and goat brains (1-2 years old) without any anomaly were used. Brains were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in the skull. The skull was opened using standard anatomical dissection methods, and the brains were carefully removed. Brain weight and volume were measured (using Archimedes' principle) after the meninges were removed. The cerebral hemispheres were separated from the other parts of the brain by a section made in front of the rostral colliculus. In the same way, the weight and volume of the cerebral hemispheres were measured. Afterward, the cerebral hemispheres were blocked with agar, and transversal cross sections (from rostral to caudal) with an average thickness of 3.42 mm were taken from the cerebral hemispheres. Grey matter was stained with Berlin blue macroscopic staining method. The stained cross sections were scanned at 600 dpi resolution, and a point counting grid was placed on the images with the ImageJ software. Cavalieri's principle calculated the surface area and volume measurements of the grey matter, white matter, and lateral ventricle. GM, WM, and LV volumes in sheep and goat cerebral hemispheres were calculated as 54.94, 21.48 and 3.06 mL in sheep, 57.46, 24.13 and 3.12 mL in goats, respectively. The percentages of these structures in the total hemisphere volume were 71.83%, 28.17% and 4.00% in sheep, 70.42%, 29.58% and 3.82% in goats, respectively. Asymmetry was not observed in cerebral hemispheres in both species. A difference was found in the WM, LV and LV: CH ratios in the right/left comparison of the goat (p < 0.05). In comparing sheep and goats, a significant difference was observed in WM right, WM left, WM total, CH left and CH total (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the cerebral hemispheres' grey matter and white matter ratio are frequently used to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, the increase in neurodegenerative disease models in farm animals has been enormous. It is thought that these values obtained from healthy animals in the current study will be important for such experimental studies in the future.

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Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructive techniques are being used in many morphometric studies and clinical applications. The red fox is a wild animal localized in a wide geography. This study has been performed to determine morphometric properties of the pelvic cavity and reveal differences between sexes via 3D reconstruction obtained by multi-detector computed tomography images (MDCT) of the red fox. A total of 12 adult red foxes of both sexes were used in this study. Two-dimensional (2D) MDCT images of the pelvic cavity obtained and stored in DICOM format were used to reconstruct the 3D model. Mimics 13.1 program was used to perform the 3D reconstruction. A total of 24 dimensions were measured from the reconstructive model of the pelvic cavity. Twenty two dimensions were found to be significantly different (p < 0.05) between sexes. In conclusion, according to the pelvimetric data, it was determined that the red fox has sexual dimorphism and these data may be useful in wild animals morphological and gynaecological research. The authors hope to help in the diagnosis and treatment of the pelvic cavity-related orthopaedic and gynaecological disorders in the wild animals.

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This study aims to carry out a comparative study on the vertebral structure of the elite male weightlifters and the sedentary group (control group) by obtaining three-dimensional data and models by means of photogrammetry from the columna vertebralis sections taken by MDCT. The columna vertebralis of the 8 male weightlifters and 8 sedentary individuals (control group) was scanned with a high-definition diagnostic MDCT device during the study. The demographic findings suggest no difference in both the weightlifters and the sedentary individual. The 2D axial images in DICOM format were burnt on CDs and then copied on a PC on which 3D-Doctor 4.0, which is a 3D modelling program had already been installed. The reconstruction was carried out with the 3D rendering component of the program. All the data were automatically measured by the abovementioned program and the statistical analyses were determined with a ­t test by SPSS 15. Considering the statistical results of the Columna vertebralis, only in the length of Pars lumbaris some statistically considerable differences (p<0.05) were observed between the vertebras L3-L5 in the elite male weightlifters and the sedentary individuals. Therefore, concluding from the idea that these techniques and the three-dimensional reconstruction procedures should be put into practice in the field of sports medicine, the substructure works that will be carried out on weightlifters by means of MDCT are thought to be supported by these studies.

El objetivo fue realizar un estudio comparativo de la estructura vertebral de pesistas de elite y un grupo sedentario (grupo control) através de la obtención de datos y modelos tridimensionales mediante fotogrametría de secciones de la columna vertebral por TCMD. La columna vertebral de los pesistas, 8 varones y 8 sujetos sedentarios (grupo control) fue escaneada con un dispositivo para diagnóstico de alta definición TCMD. Los hallazgos demográficos sugieren que no hay diferencias entre los pesistas y los sujetos sedentarios. Las imágenes axiales 2D en formato DICOM fueron grabados en CD y luego copiadas a un PC en 3D-Doctor 4.0, un programa de modelado 3D que ya se había instalado. La reconstrucción se llevó a cabo con el componente de representación 3D del programa. Todos los datos fueron medidos por el programa de manera automática y los análisis estadísticos fueron determinados mediante una prueba t por SPSS 15.0. Considerando los resultados estadísticos de la columna vertebral, solamente en la longitud de la parte lumbar se observaron algunas diferencias consideradas significativas (p<0,05) entre las vértebras L3-L5 en los pesistas de elite y los sujetos sedentarios. Por lo tanto, estas técnicas y los procedimientos de reconstrucción en tres dimensiones deben ser puestos en práctica en la medicina deportiva, debido a que este tipo de estudio puede ser útil en los trabajos de subestructura que se realizen en los pesistas mediante TCMD.

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The present study has been performed to reveal biometrical aspects and diameter-related differences in terms of sexes regarding pelvic cavity via three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction by using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images of pelvic cavity of the New Zealand rabbit. A total of 16 adult New Zealand rabbits, including 8 males and 8 females, were used in this study. Under anesthesia, the images obtained from MDCT were stacked and overlaid to reconstruct the 3D model of the pelvic cavity using 3D modeling software (Mimics 13.1). Measurements, such as the conjugate, transverse, and vertical diameters of the pelvic cavity, and the pelvic inclination were calculated and analyzed statistically. Biometrical differences of the pelvic diameters in New Zealand rabbits of both sexes were shown clearly. It was concluded that the pelvic diameters revealed by 3D modeling techniques can shed light on medical students who take both anatomy training and gynecological applications. The authors hope that the synchronization of medical approaches may give rise to novel diagnostic and therapeutic developments related to pelvic cavity.

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This study was carried out to describe morphologically and morphometrically the hypoglossal dorsal root and its ganglia, using heads of 20 adult Holstein cattle of both sexes. The dorsal root of the hypoglossal nerve (XII) has always an evident dorsal root ganglion (DRG) including the accessory in 30% (6 of heads) or satellite ganglia in 10% (2 of heads). There were statistically significant differences between the lengths (right: 8.64+/-0.22 mm, left: 7.91+/-0.31 mm, p<0.01) of peripheral roots of the DRG in male. Statistical significance existed in the lengths (right: 7.01+/-0.43, left: 8.27+/-0.47, p<0.05) of the central roots of the DRG in male. Since the histological findings showed that each ganglion placed on the dorsal root of the XII had the general feature of a spinal ganglion, it can be said that the XII has the intracranial peripheral (sensory) fibers and carry directly sensory input to the brain stem. In conclusion, the present study is the first to reveal the morphology of the hypoglossal dorsal root with ganglia in Holstein cattle.

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