RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the evidence on the impact of extended use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) use among women of reproductive age. DATA SOURCES: Electronic resource databases used were PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed articles published during 2012 to 2022 were considered. ARTICLE SELECTION: Ten articles met the criteria and included data for a total of 7,420 women. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted from each study using the subheadings "Author/Date," "Participants," "Methods," "Interventions," and "Outcomes." Additionally, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to guide data extraction. DATA SYNTHESIS: Common themes were identified among each of the articles that supported the purpose of this integrative review, such as adverse effects, perceived effectiveness, pregnancy prevention, and cost effectiveness of extended use of IUDs. CONCLUSION: The available evidence supports the notion that extending IUD use beyond the original time frame approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is safe and effective with minimal side effects. However, there remains a paucity of evidence examining this topic.
Asunto(s)
Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Estados Unidos , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Revisión por ParesRESUMEN
Killer meiotic drivers are genetic parasites that destroy 'sibling' gametes lacking the driver allele. The fitness costs of drive can lead to selection of unlinked suppressors. This suppression could involve evolutionary tradeoffs that compromise gametogenesis and contribute to infertility. Schizosaccharomyces pombe, an organism containing numerous gamete (spore)-killing wtf drivers, offers a tractable system to test this hypothesis. Here, we demonstrate that in scenarios analogous to outcrossing, wtf drivers generate a fitness landscape in which atypical spores, such as aneuploids and diploids, are advantageous. In this context, wtf drivers can decrease the fitness costs of mutations that disrupt meiotic fidelity and, in some circumstances, can even make such mutations beneficial. Moreover, we find that S. pombe isolates vary greatly in their ability to make haploid spores, with some isolates generating up to 46% aneuploid or diploid spores. This work empirically demonstrates the potential for meiotic drivers to shape the evolution of gametogenesis.