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OBJECTIVE: Many neurosurgical cases are done without the need for blood transfusion, yet blood is unnecessarily cross-matched, resulting in wasted resources. This study was undertaken to document and compare the number of units of blood components requested, cross-matched and transfused in neurosurgical cases at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). METHODS: A prospective, observational study was undertaken over one year. Data collected for each patient included demographic information, relevant perioperative data, and blood banking data including blood components requested, cross-matched and transfused. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16. RESULTS: Data were analysed on 152 patients, 71 females (46.7%) and 81 males (53.3%). The mean age was 48.7 ± 19.6 years and 100 of the procedures were done electively (65.8%). Blood components were ordered in 114 (75%) cases, red cells more commonly in 113 (74.3%) patients, and plasma in 19 (12.5%) patients. Overall, 20 patients (13.2%) were transfused. Most patients (90.9%) needed one to two units of blood. Of the 236 units of blood components that were cross-matched or prepared, only 62 were transfused. The cross-match/preparation to transfusion ratio (CTR/PTR) was 6.00 for red cells and 1.31 for plasma. Preoperative haemoglobin ≤ 10.0 g/dL (p = 0.001), estimated blood loss of ≥ 1 litre (p < 0.001), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status score (p < 0.03) and a resident as lead surgeon (p < 0.05), were significant predictors of blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: The transfusion rate was low with a high cross-match to transfusion ratio, suggesting that less cross-matching is needed. A new approach to blood ordering for neurosurgical cases is recommended.

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OBJECTIVE: Many neurosurgical cases are done without the need for blood transfusion, yet blood is unnecessarily cross-matched, resulting in wasted resources. This study was undertaken to document and compare the number of units of blood components requested, cross-matched and transfused in neurosurgical cases at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). METHODS: A prospective, observational study was undertaken over one year. Data collected for each patient included demographic information, relevant perioperative data, and blood banking data including blood components requested, cross-matched and transfused. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16. RESULTS: Data were analysed on 152 patients, 71 females (46.7%) and 81 males (53.3%). The mean age was 48.7 ± 19.6 years and 100 of the procedures were done electively (65.8%). Blood components were ordered in 114 (75%) cases, red cells more commonly in 113 (74.3%) patients, and plasma in 19 (12.5%) patients. Overall, 20 patients (13.2%) were transfused. Most patients (90.9%) needed one to two units of blood. Of the 236 units of blood components that were cross-matched or prepared, only 62 were transfused. The cross-match/preparation to transfusion ratio (CTR/PTR) was 6.00 for red cells and 1.31 for plasma. Preoperative haemoglobin < 10.0 g/dL (p = 0.001), estimated blood loss of > 1 litre (p < 0.001), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status score (p < 0.03) and a resident as lead surgeon (p < 0.05), were significant predictors of blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: The transfusion rate was low with a high cross-match to transfusion ratio, suggesting that less cross-matching is needed. A new approach to blood ordering for neurosurgical cases is recommended.

OBJETIVO: Muchos casos neuroquirurgicos se realizan sin necesidad de transfusion de sangre. Sin embargo, la sangre es innecesariamente sometida a pruebas cruzadas, lo cual resulta en un malgasto de recursos. Este estudio fue emprendido con el proposito de documentar y comparar el numero de unidades de los componentes sanguineos requeridos, cotejados, y transfundidos en los casos de neurocirugia en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI). MÉTODOS: Se realizo un estudio prospectivo observacional por espacio de mas de un ano. Los datos recopilados de cada paciente incluian informacion demografica, datos relevantes perioperatorios, y datos de bancos de sangre, incluyendo los componentes sanguineos solicitados, cotejados, y transfundidos. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando SPSS version 16. RESULTADOS: Los datos se analizaron en 152 pacientes: 71 mujeres (46.7%) y 81 varones (53.3%). La edad promedio fue de 48.7 ± 19.6 anos y 100 de los procedimientos se realizaron de manera electiva (65.8%). Se ordenaron componentes de la sangre en 114 casos (75%), siendo los globulos rojos los mas comunmente requeridos en 113 pacientes (74,3%) y el plasma en 19 pacientes (12.5%). En general, 20 pacientes (13.2%) fueron transfundidos. La mayoria de los pacientes (90.9%) necesito una o dos unidades de sangre. De las 236 unidades de componentes sanguineos que fueron preparados o sometidos a pruebas cruzadas, solo 62 fueron transfundidos. La proporcion de la preparacion/prueba cruzada en relacion con la transfusion (CTR/PTR por sus siglas en ingles) fue 6.00 para los globulos rojos y 1.31 para el plasma. La hemoglobina preoperatoria < 10.0 g/dL (p = 0.001), la perdida estimada de sangre de > 1 litro (p < 0.001), la mayor puntuacion del estado fisico (p < 0.03) segun los criterios de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiologos (ASA), y un residente como principal cirujano (p < 0.05), fueron predictores significativos de la transfusion de sangre. CONCLUSIÓN: La tasa de transfusion fue baja, con una alta proporcion de la prueba cruzada frente a la transfusion, sugiriendo que se necesitan menos pruebas cruzadas. Se recomienda un nuevo enfoque a la hora de hacer pedidos de sangre para los casos neuroquirurgicos.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the perceptions of physicians and nurses working full-time in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) regarding interdisciplinary communication. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of all medical personnel working full-time in the ICU was conducted in January 2008 using a self-administered, validated questionnaire. Data on perceived communication, teamwork and leadership, comprehension of patient care goals, perceived effectiveness and satisfaction were collected and analysed using the SPSS Version 14. Internal reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha score and differences and correlations were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square and correlation analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-five per cent (105/111) of questionnaires were completed. More doctors than nurses experienced open communication with other staff members (73% vs 32%; p < 0.01), with less openness occurring with increasing seniority. More doctors (53%) than nurses (32%) reported receiving in­accurate information from doctors (p < 0.05), with 67% and 51% respectively receiving incorrect information from nurses (p < 0.05). Communication across shifts was felt to be better amongst doctors than nurses (73% vs 63%). Only 50% of doctors compared to 88% of nurses felt they received relevant information quickly (p < 0.05). More nurses than doctors (86% vs 63%; p < 0.01) felt that they had a good understanding ofpatient care goals. Negative perceptions ofthe leadership characteristics of consultants (62% amongst doctors and 74% of nurses) and sisters (79% and 73%, respectively) were high. CONCLUSIONS: Communication within the ICU, UHWI, is unsatisfactory with an overall poor perception ofsenior leadership. Improvement in staffmorale and leadership training may create a working en­vironment where team members can communicate openly without fear ofchastisement.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las percepciones de médicos y enfermeras que trabajan a tiempo completo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), con respecto a la comunicación inter disciplinaria. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de todo el personal médico que trabaja a tiempo completo en la UCI en enero de 2008, usando una encuesta auto-administrada, validada. Se recopilaron datos en relación con la percepción de la comunicación, el trabajo en equipo y la dirigencia, la comprensión de las metas del cuidado del paciente, así como la satisfacción y la efectividad percibida, usando la versión 14 del SPSS. La fiabilidad interna se comprobó usando la puntuación y las diferencias del Alfa de Cronbach, y las correlaciones fueron evaluadas usando Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y análisis de correlación. RESULTADOS: Se completó el noventa y cinco por ciento (105/111) de las encuestas. Más doctores que enfermeras experimentaron comunicación abierta con otros miembros del personal (73% vs 32%; p < 0.01), con menor apertura a mayor rango y antigüedad. Más doctores (53%) que enfermeras (32%) reportaron haber recibido información inexacta de parte de los doctores (p < 0.05), recibiendo el 67% y el 51% respectivamente información incorrecta de las enfermeras (p < 0.05). La comunicación a través de los cambios de turnos era considerada mejor entre los doctores que entre las enfermeras (73% vs 63%). Sólo el 50% de los doctores comparados con un 88% de enfermeras consideraron haber recibido información pertinente rápidamente (p < 0.05). Más enfermeras que doctores (86% vs 63%; p < 0.01) consideraban que tenían un buen entendimiento de los objetivos de los cuidados del paciente. Las percepciones negativas de las características dirigentes de los consultantes (62% entre los doctores y el 74% de las enfermeras) y las enfermeras jefes (79% y 73%, respectivamente) fueron altas. CONCLUSIONES: La comunicación en la UCI, HUWI, es insatisfactoria, y se caracteriza por una percepción general pobre de la dirigencia de alto rango. El mejoramiento de la moral del personal y el entrenamiento de la dirigencia puede crear un ambiente de trabajo en el que los miembros del equipo puedan comunicarse abiertamente sin miedo a un castigo.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the perceptions of physicians and nurses working full-time in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) regarding interdisciplinary communication. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of all medical personnel working full-time in the ICU was conducted in January 2008 using a self-administered, validated questionnaire. Data on perceived communication, teamwork and leadership, comprehension of patient care goals, perceived effectiveness and satisfaction were collected and analysed using the SPSS Version 14. Internal reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha score and differences and correlations were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square and correlation analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-five per cent (105/111) of questionnaires were completed. More doctors than nurses experienced open communication with other staff members (73% vs 32%; p < 0.01), with less openness occurring with increasing seniority. More doctors (53%) than nurses (32%) reported receiving inaccurate information from doctors (p < 0.05), with 67% and 51% respectively receiving incorrect information from nurses (p < 0.05). Communication across shifts was felt to be better amongst doctors than nurses (73% vs 63%). Only 50% of doctors compared to 88% of nurses felt they received relevant information quickly (p < 0.05). More nurses than doctors (86% vs 63%; p < 0.01) felt that they had a good understanding of patient care goals. Negative perceptions of the leadership characteristics of consultants (62% amongst doctors and 74% of nurses) and sisters (79% and 73%, respectively) were high. CONCLUSIONS: Communication within the ICU, UHWI, is unsatisfactory with an overall poor perception of senior leadership. Improvement in staff morale and leadership training may create a working environment where team members can communicate openly without fear of chastisement.

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A three-year observational study of patients undergoing tonsillectomy at the University Hospital of the West Indies was conducted to determine the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Data were collected to assess possible risk factors for vomiting as well as possible alleviating agents. Two hundred and fifty-two patients were included in the study and a thirteen per cent incidence of postoperative vomiting was found. This is significantly less than that quoted in other studies (40-73%). Results also showed that steroids significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative vomiting in the study population. Muscle relaxants reversal agents and antibiotics particularly co-trimoxazole and ceftriaxone significantly increased its incidence. Usual antiemetic agents including dimenhydrinate (gravol) and promethazine (phenergan), as well as drugs known to possess antiemetic properties such as midazolam and propofol, lacked any significant protective effect against emesis. Opioid analgesia, inhalational induction and blood loss of greater than 10% of estimated blood volume appeared to increase emesis but failed to achieve statistical significance.

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A three-year observational study of patients undergoing tonsillectomy at the University Hospital of the West Indies was conducted to determine the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Data were collected to assess possible risk factors for vomiting as well as possible alleviating agents. Two hundred and fifty-two patients were included in the study and a thirteen per cent incidence of postoperative vomiting was found. This is significantly less than that quoted in other studies (40-73). Results also showed that steroids significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative vomiting in the study population. Muscle relaxants reversal agents and antibiotics particularly co-trimoxazole and ceftriaxone significantly increased its incidence. Usual antiemetic agents including dimenhydrinate (gravol) and promethazine (phenergan), as well as drugs known to possess antiemetic properties such as midazolam and propofol, lacked any significant protective effect against emesis. Opioid analgesia, inhalational induction and blood loss of greater than 10 of estimated blood volume appeared to increase emesis but failed to achieve statistical significance

Un estudio de observación a pacientes de tonsilectomía en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies, fue realizado durante tres años, a fin de determinar la incidencia de vómitos post-operatorios. Se recogieron datos con el propósito de evaluar los posibles factores de riesgo por vómitos así como los posibles agentes para aliviarlos. Doscientos cincuenta y dos pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio y se halló una incidencia de trece por ciento de vómitos post-operatorios. Esta cifra es significativamente menor que las citadas en otros estudios (40-73%). Los resultados también mostraron que los esteroides redujeron significativamente la incidencia de vómitos post-operatorios en la población del estudio. Los agentes de reversión de los relajantes musculares y los antibióticos co-trimoxazol y ceftriaxona aumentaron significativamente la incidencia. Los agentes antieméticos usuales, incluyendo incluso el dimenhidrinato (gravol) y la prometazina (fenergan), así como drogas conocidas por sus propiedades antieméticas, tales como el midazolam y el propofol, no mostraron efecto significativo alguno de protección contra la émesis. La analgesia opioide, la inducción por inhalación, y la pérdida de sangre mayor al 10% del volumen de sangre estimada, parecían aumentar la émesis, pero no alcanzaron a tener importancia estadística.

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Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are at risk of developing life-threatening nosocomial infections, especially with organisms resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Neurosurgical patients are particularly vulnerable because of the serious nature of their illness, the frequency of associated trauma and the presence of invasive devices. Of 120 neurosurgical patients admitted to the ICU of the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) between September 1995 and December 1999, the records of 73 patients were available for analysis. All had prophylactic antibiotics. Twenty-one of these 73 patients (28.8%) developed 22 infections after a mean of five days in the ICU: nine with chest infection, seven with urinary tract infection, four with central nervous system (CNS) infection and one each with wound and skin infection. This is an incidence of 11.6/1000 patient-days. The responsible organisms included Pseudomonas (7/21), Acinetobacter (3/21), E. coli 2/21, Enterobacter (2/21), and Klebsiella (2/21), and one each with Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, group D Streptococcus and bacteroides (1/21). Infection was significantly related to length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, duration of intubation, duration of ventilation and the presence of diabetes mellitus. All patients who had surgery after ICU admission developed infection, seven with chest infection, two with urinary tract infection, two with CNS and one with skin infection. The three patients who were admitted with intracranial infections all developed other infections. Infected patients had a significantly longer hospital stay. Five patients died, none directly attributable to infection, while 55 (75.5%) made a good recovery. The problem of ICU infection may be expected to escalate with the increased use of intensive care, increasingly more complex surgical procedures and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. Since infection is related to the length of ICU stay, earlier discharge of neurosurgical patients to an appropriately staffed high dependency unit is likely to result in reduction of the infection rate. Reinforcement of infection control strategies within the ICU may be expected to further minimize the infection rate.

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Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are at risk of developing life-threatening nosocomial infections, especially with organisms resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Neurosurgical patients are particularly vulnerable because of the serious nature of their illness, the frequency of associated trauma and the presence of invasive devices. Of 120 neurosurgical patients admitted to the ICU of the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) between September 1995 and December 1999, the records of 73 patients were available for analysis. All had prophylactic antibiotics. Twenty-one of these 73 patients (28.8) developed 22 infections after a mean of five days in the ICU: nine with chest infection, seven with urinary tract infection, four with central nervous system (CNS) infection and one each with wound and skin infection. This is an incidence of 11.6/1000 patient-days. The responsible organisms included Pseudomonas (7/21), Acinetobacter (3/21), E. coli 2/21, Enterobacter (2/21), and Klebsiella (2/21), and one each with Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, group D Streptococcus and bacteroides (1/21). Infection was significantly related to length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, duration of intubation, duration of ventilation and the presence of diabetes mellitus. All patients who had surgery after ICU admission developed infection, seven with chest infection, two with urinary tract infection, two with CNS and one with skin infection. The three patients who were admitted with intracranial infections all developed other infections. Infected patients had a significantly longer hospital stay. Five patients died, none directly attributable to infection, while 55 (75.5) made a good recovery. The problem of ICU infection may be expected to escalate with the increased use of intensive care, increasingly more complex surgical procedures and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. Since infection is related to the length of ICU stay, earlier discharge of neurosurgical patients to an appropriately staffed high dependency unit is likely to result in reduction of the infection rate. Reinforcement of infection control strategies within the ICU may be expected to further minimize the infection rate

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A previously well fifty-five year-old female household helper developed complex regional pain syndrome Type II (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) following a minor injury to her left hand. She had marked hyperaesthesia and allodynia and was unable to perform her household work and to participate in the required physiotherapy. Following a series of stellate ganglion block, neurostimulation as well as physical therapy, there was a dramatic improvement in her condition and she was able to return to normal function.

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A previously well fifty-five year-old female household helper developed complex regional pain syndrome Type II (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) following a minor injury to her left hand. She had marked hyperaesthesia and allodynia and was unable to perform her household work and to participate in the required physiotherapy. Following a series of stellate ganglion block, neurostimulation as well as physical therapy, there was a dramatic improvement in her condition and she was able to return to normal function

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Intrathecal pethidine as a sole anaesthetic agent for surgical procedures of the lower limbs, perineum and inguinal areas was investigated and compared with hyperbaric Bupivacaine. A total of 90 patients were studied and randomly divided into groups 1 (bupivacaine) and 2 (pethidine). In group 2, 26 of 46 patients (59) had their procedures successfully with intrathecal pethidine alone and did not require or request any additional sedation or analgesia. This compared to 24 of 44 patients (52.2) in the bupivacaine group. Pethidine had a prolonged postoperative analgesia and was more cost-effective. The incidences of side effects were acceptable. (hypotension 13.6, bradycardia 9.09, nausea and vomiting 11.4, and pruritus 15.9). Pethidine can be used as a sole anaesthetic agent for operative procedures of the lower limbs; side effects are mild and can be treated.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether pre-eclamptic patients receiving spinal anaesthesia require prior coagulation screening studies. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all patients with pre-eclampsia receiving spinal anaesthesia during the period January 1995 to March 2001. The control group was patients without pre-eclampsia who also received spinal anaesthesia. A total of 240 patients were studied, 134 in the pre-eclamptic group and 106 controls. The results reported are the mean ñ standard deviation, and range; p< 0.005 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean age of the pre-eclamptic women was 28 ñ 5.7 years compared with 30 ñ 5.4 years for the controls (p= 0.029). The mean platelet count for the pre-eclamptics was 205.7 ñ 68.0 x 10/1 (range 23.0-394.0 x 10/1) while the mean platelet count of the controls was 204.5 ñ 43.6 x 10/1 (range 150.0-339.0 x 10/1) (p= 0.873). Differences between mild pre-eclamptic and severe pre-eclamptic subgroups were also evaluated. Mean age and haemoglobin levels between the two subgroups were no different (p= 0.370 and p= 0.310, respectively) but the mean platelet count was significantly lower (p= 0.002) in the severe pre-eclamptic subgroup. Coagulation testing included prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT). There was a significant difference in PTT between mild and severe pre-eclamptics (p= 0.013) but no correlation between abnormally low platelet counts and abnormal coagulation times was demonstrated (p= 0/751. r= -0.063). Overall, there was no difference between the groups in outcome variables, including any intermediate or long-term neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study therefore support limiting the coagulation screening in pre-eclamptics to patients who demonstrate a diminished platelet count. (AU)

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Intrathecal pethidine as a sole anaesthetic agent for surgical procedures of the lower limbs, perineum and inguinal areas was investigated and compared with hyperbaric Bupivacaine. A total of 90 patients were studied and randomly divided into groups 1 (bupivacaine) and 2 (pethidine). In group 2, 26 of 46 patients (59%) had their procedures successfully with intrathecal pethidine alone and did not require or request any additional sedation or analgesia. This compared to 24 of 44 patients (52.2%) in the bupivacaine group. Pethidine had a prolonged postoperative analgesia and was more cost-effective. The incidences of side effects were acceptable. (hypotension 13.6%, bradycardia 9.09%, nausea and vomiting 11.4%, and pruritus 15.9%). Pethidine can be used as a sole anaesthetic agent for operative procedures of the lower limbs; side effects are mild and can be treated.

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The results of this study indicated that patients aged 3-13 years who had a history of previous hospitalization appeared to be significantly more distressed than patients without such previous history (p<0.05). Previously hospitalized children were more uncooperative and displayed anxious, immature behaviour patterns. Children who were hospitalized for more than a month were also interviewed about their concerns and response to hospitalization. The study highlighted the need for hospitalized children to be better prepared for hospitalization, to have greater parental involvement in the management of their behaviour and to have efficiently run programmes geared at addressing their educational and emotional needs.(Au)

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Intrathecal pethidine as a sole anaesthetic agent for surgical procedures of the lower limbs, perineum and inguinal areas was investigated and compared with hyperbaric Bupivacaine. A total of 90 patients were randomly divided into groups 1 (bupivacaine) and 2 (pethidine). In group 2, 26 of 46 patients (59 percent) had their procedures successfully with intrathecal pethidine alone and did not require or request any additional sedation or analgesia. This compared to 24 of 44 patients (52.2 percent) in the bupivacaine group. Pethidine had a prolonged postoperative analgesia and was more cost-effective. The incidences of side effects were acceptable. (hypotension 13.6 percent, bradycardia 9.09 percent, nausea and vomiting 11.4 percent, and pruritus 15.9 percent). Pethidine can be used as a sole anaesthetic agent for operative procedures of the lower limbs; side effects are mild and can be treated. (AU)

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