RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gonorrhea is a prevalent sexually transmitted illness caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, leading to serious health consequences such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased susceptibility to HIV infection. Despite advancements in prevention and treatment, gonorrhea remains a significant public health problem in the United States (US) due to its widespread incidence, potential consequences, and the growth of antibiotic resistance. This study investigates the epidemiological trends and morbidity rates of gonorrhea using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database. The aim is to identify temporal patterns, demographic characteristics, and notable changes in gonorrhea epidemiology to inform targeted therapies and interventions. METHODS: The CDC WONDER database, which provides extensive national and state-level data on reported causes of death in the United States, was utilized for this study. We examined the developments in gonorrhea morbidity rates over time, identified demographic differences based on age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and analyzed the disease's regional distribution through a systematic analysis of the database. Aggregate data for selected time periods (1996-2014) were summarized using the morbidity rate per 100,000 people and the total number of cases across the years. RESULTS: This database analysis identified a total of 6,454,097 individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea between 1996 and 2014. The calculated total morbidity rate during this period was 115.4 per 100,000 individuals. The highest morbidity rates were observed in the years 1999 (129.2 per 100,000 people), 1998 (129.1 per 100,000 people), and 2001 (126.8 per 100,000 people), respectively. The District of Columbia reported the highest morbidity rate (478.25 per 100,000 people). In males, the overall morbidity rate over the years was reported to be comparable to females (114 per 100,000 people and 116.3 per 100,000 people, respectively). The analysis revealed consistently higher morbidity rates among individuals aged between 19 and 24 years (525.2 per 100,000 people). Moreover, black or African American individuals consistently exhibited higher morbidity rates (506.1 per 100,000 people) compared to white individuals (16.1 per 100,000 people). CONCLUSION: The analysis of gonorrhea cases between 1996 and 2014 revealed that the highest rates occurred during specific years, with a particular concentration observed in the District of Columbia. Additionally, certain demographic groups, such as individuals aged 19-24 and the black or African American population, consistently exhibited higher morbidity rates compared to others. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to address the observed temporal patterns and demographic disparities, in order to effectively combat the spread of gonorrhea.
RESUMEN
Berberine (BBR) is an ancient plant popular in China and is used to treat dyslipidemia, among other cardiovascular and metabolic-related diseases. BBR has historically been regarded as having multiple benefits, with a few clinical trials indicating this fact. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar with the following keywords: Berberidaceae, berberine, Berberis spp., dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. We synthesized the information within the literature to provide an updated review of BBR, its potential, and its applicability in real-world medicine in the future. This review sought to evaluate the literature and advancement in BBR's efficacy regarding dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.