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AIM: To estimate circulatory diseases (CD) detection rates during prophylactic medical examination of the adult population and to define their association with mortality rates and the spread of risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of the 2013-2014 prophylactic medical examinations for CD in the adult population of the Russian Federation as a whole and its subjects were comparatively analyzed using the data of statistical reports and official medical statistics on morbidity and mortality in the adult population. RESULTS: The data of official statistical reports on the results of prophylactic medical examinations in 2013 (19.4 million) and 2014 (22.2 million) were analyzed. In 2013 and 2014, there were 85.9 and 82.7 CD cases per 1000 examinees, respectively. These years were marked by the detection of 50.0 and 46.2 hypertensive patients, 17.1 and 16.1 coronary heart disease (CHD) cases, and 11.5 and 11.2 cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) ones, respectively. In 2013 and 2014, most CD cases were caused by hypertension (58.4 and 57%, respectively). The proportion of CHD was 19.9 and 19.4% and that of CVD was 13.4 and 13.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The analysis carried out could provide evidence for the importance of continuous monitoring of prophylactic medical examination at the level of each specific healthcare facility for primary health care to improve its quality and completeness of diagnostic examination. The found interregional differences in the detection rate of CD call for detailed analysis and determination of their causes, which will ensure the preventive direction of a medical examination that is inextricably entwined with further active follow-up measures for patients having the identified diseases and a risk for their development.

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Foreign researchers have actively been studying the eff ect of certain gene polymorphisms on the development of venous thromboembolism in various anatomical regions, with such studies being merely sporadic so far in Russia. We examined a total of one hundred and fifty-seven patients diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis and forty people constituting the control group. It was determined that the presence of the factor V Leiden mutation increased by up to 15-fold the chance of developing venous thrombosis, especially an idiopathic one and in the young age; the C7351T polymorphism of tissue plasminogen activator increased the risk of the development of idiopathic venous and early thrombosis up to 5-12-fold, whereas the C677T polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase increased it 2-fold only. The rest polymorphisms of the genes of the plasmatic, thrombocytic haemostasis and the folate cycle enzymes along 14 loci appeared to exert no significant influence on the development of venous thrombosis. Based on the findings obtained in the genetic analysis, it is even now possible to carry out appropriate correction of conservative therapy in patients presenting with acute and chronic venous pathology.

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To study the possible potential of nitric oxide (NO) in the processes of atopic inflammation, the authors evaluated the intensity of nitrosyling and oxidative stresses in the bronchoalvelar lavage fluid and expired air condensate of patients with bronchial asthma (BA). Chronic inflammation was shown to result in an increase in the processes of nitration and oxidation in worsening BA and to reliably correlate with airway NO-producing functions, by explaining the pathological effects of NO due to the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine and malonic dialdehyde with the existing imbalance in NO metabolism, by intensifying nitrosylating stress. In the authors' opinion, nitrosothiols that are required as a NO donor may be rapidly destroyed or virtually do not form so the peroxynitrite-nitrosothiol ratio may predetermine the final effects of NO.

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Inguinal lymph nodes of patients with venous insufficiency of the lower extremities were studied by light microscopy. Presence of erythrocytes was found in all structural parts of these organs. In cortical region and paracortical zone siderophages with hemosiderin were observed. The origin of hemosiderin is discussed.

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AIM: To assess efficacy and tolerability of a novel drug form of isosorbide-5-mononitrate in patients with ischemic heart disease and stable effort angina as compared with common isosorbide dinitrate pills. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with stable class II-III effort angina (n=30) were included into a randomized crossover study in which they received isosorbide dinitrate (nitrosorbide, 10-20 mg t.i.d.) and long acting isosorbide-5-mononitrate (ephox-long, 50-100 mg o.d.) for 3 weeks each. Efficacy of treatment was assessed by clinical data and treadmill exercise tests. Questionnaires were used for registration of frequency and intensity of attacks of headache. RESULTS: The use of both isosorbide dinitrate and 5-mononitrate was associated with significant improvements of exercise tolerance however effect of mononitrate lasted longer. Nitroglycerine requirement diminished during first week of use of both drugs and remained on this level by the end of 3-rd week of treatment with mononitrate but substantially rose by the end of treatment with dinitrate. Number of attacks of headache increased during first week of treatment with both drugs, became even higher by the end of use of dinitrate and decreased by the end of use of mononitrate. CONCLUSION: Long acting form of isosorbide-5-mononitrate ephox-long taken once daily provides sufficient antianginal effect throughout a day and is better tolerated than nitrosorbide preparation of isosorbide dinitrate with moderately prolonged activity.

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Within the previously described concept designed for a radiation-induced activation/inactivation of enzyme tested, an equation for further analysis of the dose response changing mechanism has been proposed. This mechanism includes both rate and probability of the appearance of different conformation forms of enzyme, as well as with accumulation of the water radiolysis active products.

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The researches described in this article made it possible to substantiate a number of important professional qualities of seamen which are indispensable in extreme situations. Three professional categories, namely command duty officers, operators and specialists of the local posts were the matter of these researches. A combination of symptom complexes of individual qualities which predetermines a successful duty performance in extreme situations was disclosed. A complex of valid methods was substantiated for quantitative estimation of individual psychological qualities. On the basis of these symptom complexes the authors worked out the estimation criteria for prognostication of professional ability of seamen to act in extreme situations.

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The basic ideas relating to mathematical modelling of blood flow in arteriolar and capillary microvessels of a skeletal muscle are briefly reviewed together with some qualitative results of the simulation. The emphasis is made on approaches used to describe the microvascular bed taking into account its structure, arterial vessels tonus, and myogenic regulatory reactions.

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Helium-neon laser therapy of patients suffering from mixed and nephrotic glomerulonephritis demonstrated hypotensive, diuretic and fibrinolytic activity boosting clinical effects. The use of the new treatment method seems to be justified, since all the patients given laser therapy manifested pronounced resistance to the pathogenetic therapy carried out previously (glucocorticoids, cytostatics, hypotensive and diuretic drugs). The presence of diverse effects and lack of complications suggest a broader-scale use of laser therapy in nephrology. At present the authors are analyzing the ++patho-chemical bases of the therapeutic efficacy of laser therapy of patients suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis. The results will be reported in the next paper.

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The paper analyses the characteristics of mathematical methods for detecting the biorhythms currently used for the chronodiagnosis and chronotherapy of cardiovascular diseases. Emphasis is laid on the assessment of the resolving power of algorithms and programs applied to the detection of circadian biological rhythms. The paper also discusses whether chronodiagnosis and chronotherapy of cardiovascular diseases are admissible by clinically available mathematical methods for detecting circadian rhythms. In addition, it deals with theoretical conditions required for accurate detection of varying frequency biological rhythms from length-limited data arrays and proposes a mathematical method suitable to a problem to detect biological rhythms with periods unknown in advance.

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The present authors identified distinctions between colour responses of the flying personnel and the general population typical of the Walneffer-Luscher autogenic norm. The section of the series which is rejected by pilots (the last four colours) is identical to the traditional norm. The difference in the preferable section of the series (the first four colours) is that the general population gives preference to warm colours (red, yellow) whereas the flying personnel to cold (blue) colours or mixed (violet) colours. The preference of violet and green colours shown by pilots is a reflection of their emotional state which is typical for a stressful environment.

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Optimal levels of the health status of pilots performing an intensive flight program can be maintained by rational work and rest schedules and correction methods. The effectiveness of central electroanalgesia as a correction method was determined. The course of treatment which consisted of 4-5 sessions, each 40-50 min long, produced a beneficial effect on the health status and work capacity of pilots as measured by direct and indirect methods.

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