RESUMEN
The mass rearing of hymenopteran egg parasitoids requires an abundant supply of host eggs. The onset of reproductive diapause and subsequent decline in egg production poses a challenge for parasitoid rearing when using host colonies augmented by field-collected insects. We investigated the application of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, to induce oviposition in diapausing adult kudzu bugs, Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae), and the use of eggs produced by pyriproxyfen-treated kudzu bugs to rear the egg parasitoid, Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The effects of pyriproxyfen and photoperiod treatments on host mortality, egg production, and rates of parasitoid eclosion from the eggs were used to calculate the parasitoid yield for the different treatment regimes. A combination of pyriproxyfen and a long-day photoperiod increased the parasitoid yield by 87% compared to acetone and a long-day photoperiod. The general applicability of JH-analog mediated egg production for parasitoid rearing is discussed.
RESUMEN
Graziaedessa anastrephae (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae) a new genus and species collected in Multilure® fruit fly traps baited with ammonium acetate and putrescine. During a survey for fruit flies (Anastrepha spp., Diptera, Tephritidae) in Peru, specimens of a previously undescribed genus and species of Edessinae were collected in Multilure® fruit fly traps baited with a combination of ammonium acetate and putrescine. The new taxon, Graziaedessa anastrephae n. g., n. sp., resembles species of the edessine genus Hypoxys Amyot Serville but is smaller and the thoracic sternal structure is unique, consisting of an enlarged metasternal process which is bifurcate posteriorly but simple and rounded anteriorly, reaching for a short length onto the mesosternum and continued by a mesial carina on the mesosternum. Graziaedessa n. g. and G. anastrephae n. sp. are described and figured and compared to other genera of Edessinae.
Asunto(s)
Heterópteros/clasificación , Acetatos , Animales , Putrescina , TephritidaeRESUMEN
Members of the family Scutelleridae (Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha: Pentatomoidea) are also called shield bugs because of the greatly enlarged scutellum, or jewel bugs because of the brilliant colours of many species. All scutellerids are phytophagous, feeding on various parts of their host plants. Due to lack of obvious synapomorphies and the failure to apply rigorous phylogenetic methods, the higher classification of Scutelleridae has been disputed for more than 150 years. Here we reconstructed a phylogeny of Scutelleridae based on complete sequences of 18S and 28S nuclear rDNAs and all 13 protein-coding genes of the mitochondrial genome, with the sampled taxa covering all of the currently recognized subfamilies. The monophyly of Scutelleridae was confirmed by the congruence of the results of analyses conducted using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony. The phylogenetic relationships among subfamilies were well resolved for the first time. Furthermore, time-divergence studies estimated that the time of origin of Scutelleridae was in the Early Cretaceous (142.1-122.8 Ma), after the origin of the angiosperms. The diversification between the extant subfamilies of Scutelleridae and within the subfamilies occurred from the late Palaeocene to the late Miocene, simultaneously with the rise of the major groups of angiosperms and other phytophagous insects.
RESUMEN
Lectotypes are designated and documented for the following species and infrasubspecific taxa: Dystus villosus Breddin, 1904; Lobothyreus breviceps Breddin, 1914; Pachycoris torridus (Scopoli, 1772) var. laetissimus Breddin, 1906 (originally proposed as var. laetissima); P. torridus var. moestissimus Breddin, 1906 (originally proposed as var. moestissima); Polytes speculiger Breddin, 1914. The identities of the taxa in concern are clarified. The following new junior subjective synonyms are proposed: Pachycoris torridus (Scopoli, 1772) = P. torridus var. laetissimus Breddin, 1906, syn. nov., = P. torridus var. moestissimus Breddin, 1906, syn. nov.
Asunto(s)
Heterópteros/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Estructuras Animales , Animales , Tamaño Corporal , Entomología/historia , Femenino , Heterópteros/anatomía & histología , Heterópteros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Masculino , Tamaño de los ÓrganosRESUMEN
Three new species of the Carpocorini are described: Euschistus (Euschistus) baranowskii Eger & Bianchi sp. nov. from Jamaica, Euschistus (Mitripus) saramagoi Bianchi, Cioato & Grazia sp. nov. from Brazil, and Ladeaschistus borgesi Bianchi, Cioato & Grazia sp. nov. from Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Comparative illustrations of external and internal genitalia of the species are provided.
Asunto(s)
Heterópteros/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Estructuras Animales/anatomía & histología , Estructuras Animales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Argentina , Tamaño Corporal , Bolivia , Brasil , Femenino , Heterópteros/anatomía & histología , Heterópteros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Jamaica , Masculino , Tamaño de los ÓrganosRESUMEN
Binomial sampling based on the proportion of samples infested was investigated for estimating mean densities of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), and Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), on oranges, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Data for the investigation were obtained by counting the number of motile mites within 600 sample units (each unit a 1-cm2 surface area per fruit) across a 4-ha block of trees (32 blocks total): five areas per 4 ha, five trees per area, 12 fruit per tree, and two samples per fruit. A significant (r2 = 0.89), linear relationship was found between ln(-ln(1 -Po)) and ln(mean), where P0 is the proportion of samples with more than zero mites. The fitted binomial parameters adequately described a validation data set from a sampling plan consisting of 192 samples. Projections indicated the fitted parameters would apply to sampling plans with as few as 48 samples, but reducing sample size resulted in an increase of bootstrap estimates falling outside expected confidence limits. Although mite count data fit the binomial model, confidence limits for mean arithmetic predictions increased dramatically as proportion of samples infested increased. Binomial sampling using a tally threshold of 0 therefore has less value when proportions of samples infested are large. Increasing the tally threshold to two mites marginally improved estimates at larger densities. Overall, binomial sampling for a general estimate of mite densities seemed to be a viable alternative to absolute counts of mites per sample for a grower using a low management threshold such as two or three mites per sample.
Asunto(s)
Citrus sinensis/parasitología , Frutas/parasitología , Ácaros/fisiología , Animales , Control de Insectos , Densidad de PoblaciónRESUMEN
The consequence of reducing sample size on the accuracy and precision of estimates of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), densities on oranges was investigated. The sample unit was a 1-cm2 surface area on fruit. Sampling plans consisting of 360, 300, 200, 160, 80, 48, 36, or 20 samples per 4 ha were evaluated through computer simulations by using real count data from 32 data sets of 600 sample units per 4 ha. The original and reduced sampling plans were hierarchical with different numbers of sample areas per 4 ha, trees per area, fruit per tree, and samples per fruit. Individual estimates (n=100 simulations per data set) using each plan were sometimes considerably below or above target densities. In an original set of count data with a mean of six mites per cm2, simulations of 36 samples per 4 ha produced individual estimates ranging from one to 16 mites per cm2, whereas 80 samples per 4 ha produced estimates ranging from two to 10 mites per cm2. The plans consisting of 36 or more samples were projected to provide precision levels of 0.25 (SEM/mean) or better at densities of five or more mites per cm2 based on log-data, a projection that needs to be verified under real-grove situations. Each plan consistently provided mite detection in these sampling simulations except those consisting of 20 or 36 samples, which sometimes failed to detect mites when the target density was less than five mites per cm2. The study provided insight into the probable precision, accuracy and detection thresholds for eight candidate sampling plans varying from relatively low to high resource input.