RESUMEN
Fusarium stem rot disease caused by Fusarium verticillioides has become one of the most serious issues confronting Indonesian farmers in recent years. An alternative option for suppressing this disease is to use indigenous microbes as an eco-friendly method to reduce synthetic fungicides. The objective of the research was to identify the molecular characteristics and effectiveness of an indigenous microbial consortium in controlling Fusarium stem rot disease. Identification of indigenous microbes is carried out based on molecular characters using universal primers, namely ITS-1/ITS-4 for fungi and 27F/1492R for bacteria. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed using Bioedit 7.2 version and MEGAX software. In vitro testing was carried out using the dual culture method for indigenous fungi and the disc diffusion method for indigenous bacteria. Meanwhile, in planta testing was conducted by evaluating a consortium of fungi and bacteria to control F. verticillioides in the field using a randomized block design with three replications, followed by a 5% DMRT test. The use of universal primer pairs ITS-1/ITS-4 and 27F/1492R succeeded in amplifying DNA bands of indigenous microbial isolates measuring ±600 bp and ±1465 bp, respectively. S6 and S9 bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus. JRP 7 and SEDF 6A isolates were identified as Trichoderma asperellum and JRP 10 isolate was identified as Penicillium raperi. All identification resulted in homology of >99%. The in vitro inhibitory reactions of isolates JRP 7, JRP 10, SEDF 6A, S6, and S9 against F. verticillioides were >60%. Disease severity of B6B9C10, B6B9C6, B6B9C7, B9C6C7, B9C7C10, and C6C7C10 treatments significantly proved their ability to control F. verticillioides in the field with a lower percentage of disease severity than positive controls, which are 23.33%, 18.89%, 23.33%., 21.85%, 14.07%, and 15.93%, respectively. The B9C7C10 consortium (S9 + JRP 7 + JRP 10 isolates) containing three species of indigenous microbes, i.e. B. cereus, T. asperellum, and P. raperi is the most effective at controlling F. verticillioides and may be developed for use as biopesticide products.
RESUMEN
This study explores the relationship between attitudes toward ICT and reading performance in the educational context. The mediating role of attitudes toward ICT on student economic ability and reading performance was also examined. Data was collected using stratified random sampling from 240 students in senior high school and 330 undergraduate students in teacher training and education program using an online platform (eDia) and paper-based. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used for data analysis. The joint-two stage approach was applied to perform the second-order construct in path analysis. The measurement model confirms that all the instruments used in this study are valid and reliable. The structural model showed that three out of four hypotheses were empirically supported. Attitudes toward ICT have a significant effect on Reading performance. The direct effect from student economic ability to attitudes toward ICT was positively significant. We found that attitudes toward ICT positively mediate the relationship between student economic ability and reading performance for mediation analysis. The student economic ability does not affect the student reading performance. Limitations and future directions were also discussed as well.