RESUMEN

Health or disease is shaped for all individuals by interactions between their genes and environment. Exactly how the environment changes gene expression and how this can lead to disease are being explored in a fruitful new approach to environmental health research, representative studies of which are reviewed here. We searched Web of Science and references of relevant publications to understand the diversity of gene regulatory mechanisms affected by environmental exposures with disease implications. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, air pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, hormones, nutrition, and behavior can change gene expression through a broad array of gene regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, chemically induced changes in gene regulation are associated with serious and complex human diseases, including cancer, diabetes and obesity, infertility, respiratory diseases, allergies, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. The reviewed studies indicate that genetic predisposition for disease is best predicted in the context of environmental exposures. And the genetic mechanisms investigated in these studies offer new avenues for risk assessment research. Finally, we are likely to witness dramatic improvements in human health, and reductions in medical costs, if environmental pollution is decreased.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Health or disease is shaped for all individuals by interactions between their genes and environment. Exactly how the environment changes gene expression and how this can lead to disease are being explored in a fruitful new approach to environmental health research, representative studies of which are reviewed here. We searched Web of Science and references of relevant publications to understand the diversity of gene regulatory mechanisms affected by environmental exposures with disease implications. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, air pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, hormones, nutrition, and behavior can change gene expression through a broad array of gene regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, chemically induced changes in gene regulation are associated with serious and complex human diseases, including cancer, diabetes and obesity, infertility, respiratory diseases, allergies, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. The reviewed studies indicate that genetic predisposition for disease is best predicted in the context of environmental exposures. And the genetic mechanisms investigated in these studies offer new avenues for risk assessment research. Finally, we are likely to witness dramatic improvements in human health, and reductions in medical costs, if environmental pollution is decreased.

Saúde e doença resultam da interação entre genes e o ambiente em que os indivíduos vivem. Vários estudos analisados neste artigo vêm explorando, com bons resultados, o modo como o ambiente modifica a expressão dos genes e como isso pode provocar doenças. Buscamos nas bases de dados científicas e referências de publicações relevantes, estudos que nos levaram a entender a diversidade de formas pelas quais os mecanismos regulatórios dos genes são afetados por exposições ambientais e implicam adoecimento. Medicamentos, pesticidas, poluentes do ar, produtos químicos, metais pesados, hormônios, produtos de nutrição e comportamentos podem mudar a expressão genética por meio de uma quantidade enorme de mecanismos regulatórios dos genes. Ademais, mudanças quimicamente induzidas na regulação do gene estão associadas a enfermidades graves e complexas, como é o caso do câncer, diabetes, infertilidade, doenças respiratórias, alergias e problemas neurodegenerativos como o mal de Parkinson e Alzheimer. Os estudos revistos indicam que uma predisposição genética para determinada doença é melhor prevista no contexto das exposições ambientais. E os mecanismos genéticos examinados nesses estudos oferecem novos caminhos para pesquisas sobre avaliação de risco.

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