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Background and Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a set of risk factors that contribute to the development of chronic and cardiovascular diseases, increasing the mortality rate. Altered lipid metabolism is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome; however, there is a lack of knowledge about lipids compounds and the lipidic pathways associated with this condition, particularly in the Latin-American population. Innovative approaches, such as lipidomic analysis, facilitate the identification of lipid species related to these risk factors. This study aimed to assess the plasma lipidome in subjects with MetS. Methods: This correlation study included healthy adults and adults with MetS. Blood samples were analyzed. The lipidomic profile was determined using an Agilent Technologies 1260 liquid chromatography system coupled to a Q-TOF 6545 quadrupole mass analyzer with electrospray ionization. The main differences were determined between the groups. Results: The analyses reveal a distinct lipidomic profile between healthy adults and those with MetS, including increased concentrations of most identified glycerolipids -both triglycerides and diglycerides- and decreased levels of ether lipids and sphingolipids, especially sphingomyelins, in MetS subjects. Association between high triglycerides, waist circumference, and most differentially expressed lipids were found. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate dysregulation of lipid metabolism in subjects with Mets, supporting the potential utility of plasma lipidome analysis for a deeper understanding of MetS pathophysiology. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01423-5.

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RESUMEN La etapa postprandial se ha relacionado con cambios en marcadores inflamatorios, bioquímicos y celulares. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos postprandiales del agregado de aceite de Sacha inchi sobre la concentración y tamaño de leucocitos, eritrocitos y plaquetas, y en marcadores de inflamación, después de la ingesta de una comida rica en grasas. Una muestra de 42 individuos aparentemente sanos de sexo masculino consumió dos desayunos, uno de ellos adicionado con 15 mL de aceite rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados extraído de semillas de Sacha Inchi. Se tomaron muestras de sangre en ayunas y a las 4 horas postprandiales para determinar variables hematológicas (número y tamaño de leucocitos y plaquetas y distribución porcentual de leucocitos) y bioquímicas como interleukina 6 (IL6) y proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCR-as). Con ambos desayunos aumentaron la concentración de PCR y los recuentos de leucocitos y plaquetas. El agregado de aceite de Sacha inchi aumentó el porcentaje de linfocitos (p= 0,005) y disminuyó el de granulocitos (p= 0,012), revirtiendo el aumento de la relación evidenciada luego de la ingesta grasa y las concentraciones de IL6. Los resultados permiten concluir que el agregado de 15 mL de aceite de Sacha inchi a un desayuno rico en grasas afecta la relación entre las diferentes poblaciones leucocitarias, lo que podría atenuar los efectos inflamatorios postprandiales y el riesgo cardiovascular. Registro: NCT02886169.

ABSTRACT The postprandial stage is related to an increase in biochemical and cellular inflammatory markers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the postprandial effects of the addition of Sacha inchi oil on the concentration and size of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, and on inflammation markers, after the ingestion of a high-fat meal. A sample of 42 seemingly healthy male individuals consumed two high-fat breakfast meals, one with the addition of 15mL of oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 3 and 6 series), extracted from Sacha Inchi seeds. Fasting blood samples were taken at 4 hours postprandial to determine hematological variables (number and size of leukocytes and platelets and percentage distribution of leukocytes) and biochemical variables such as interleukin 6 (IL6) and high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein (hs-CRP). The concentration of CRP and leukocyte and platelet counts increased following ingestion of both types of breakfast. The addition of Sacha inchi oil increased the percentage of lymphocytes (p= 0.005) and decreased that of granulocytes (p= 0.012), reversing the increase in the granulocytes / lymphocytes ratio evidenced after fat intake. The percentage of intermediate-sized cells and postprandial concentrations of IL6 also decreased. In conclusion, the addition of 15.0 mL of Sacha inchi oil to a high-fat breakfast modulates the relationship between different leukocyte populations, which could mitigate postprandial inflammatory effects and cardiovascular risk. Registration: NCT02886169.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) with iron status markers in prepubertal children. METHODS: Three hundred twelve prepubertal children with overweight and obesity from a pediatric general Spanish population were evaluated. MHO and MUO were defined as obesity with the absence or presence of metabolic syndrome components. Phenotypes of metabolically healthy overweight including obesity (MHOV) and metabolically unhealthy overweight including obesity (MUOV) were also studied and defined using the same criteria. Serum ferritin, transferrin, and blood hemoglobin levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of MHOV and MHO were 35% (n = 111/312) and 27.1% (n = 42/155), respectively. Ferritin and hemoglobin levels were higher in children with MUOV versus MHOV (P < 0.05). MUO was positively associated with ferritin (beta [95% CI] = 0.43 [0.05 to 0.81]) and hemoglobin levels (0.43 [0.05 to 0.81]). These associations remained significant independently of age, sex, C-reactive protein, physical activity, and BMI/waist z scores in bivariate linear regression models. In multivariable models, transaminase levels attenuated the association of MUO with ferritin and hemoglobin levels (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MUOV and MUO are associated with higher ferritin and hemoglobin levels in prepubertal children affected by overweight and obesity. Increased circulating ferritin in MUO might be influenced by liver injury.

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Introduction: The postprandial stage is associated with the increase of markers related to cardiovascular risk, and its intensity depends on the metabolic state. Objective: To determine the impact of a high-fat meal intake on the metabolic and inflammatory profile, and its relationship to abdominal obesity. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 42 individuals (21 with abdominal obesity). We measured glucose, insulin, lipid profile, reactive C protein, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 6 in fasting blood, and four hours after eating. Results: Besides obesity, we found insulin resistance and higher levels of fasting triacylglycerides and C-reactive protein. There were higher postprandial responses to glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerides. Interleukin 6 decreased in the non-obese group, and lipopolysaccharides increased in both groups. Conclusions: A saturated high-fat food intake produced a greater impact on the glycemic variables in the group with obesity, while it affected the lipids in both groups. However, the increase of triacylglycerides was higher in the presence of a high basal concentration, and it promoted the increase of lipopolysaccharides. The basal and postprandial inflammatory state affected the group with obesity more. The postprandial moment reflected the most frequent state of the individuals on a normal day and evidenced the capacity of the metabolic response to food intake, as well as early metabolic risk states.

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Resumen Introducción. La etapa posprandial se asocia con el incremento de marcadores relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular, cuya intensidad depende del estado metabólico. Objetivo. Determinar el impacto de la ingestión de una comida rica en grasas saturadas sobre el perfil metabólico e inflamatorio y su relación con la obesidad abdominal. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un ensayo clínico en 42 individuos (21 con obesidad abdominal). Se midieron, en sangre, la glucosa, la insulina, el perfil lipídico, la proteína C reactiva, los lipopolisacáridos y la interleucina 6, en ayunas y después de la ingestión. Resultados. Además de la obesidad, se registró la presencia de resistencia a la insulina y de niveles elevados de triacilglicéridos y proteína C reactiva en ayunas. Asimismo, se detectaron niveles posprandiales más elevados de glucosa, insulina y triacilglicéridos. La interleucina 6 disminuyó en el grupo de personas sin obesidad y los lipopolisacáridos aumentaron en ambos grupos. Conclusión. La ingestión de una comida rica en grasas saturadas produjo un mayor impacto en las variables glucémicas en el grupo con obesidad y, aunque afectó de forma similar los lípidos en ambos grupos, el incremento de triacilglicéridos fue mayor en presencia de una concentración basal elevada y promovió el aumento de lipopolisacáridos. El estado inflamatorio basal y posprandial afectó en mayor medida al grupo con obesidad. El momento posprandial reflejó el estado más frecuente de los individuos en un día normal y permitió evidenciar la capacidad de respuesta metabólica frente a la ingestión de alimentos, así como los estados tempranos de riesgo metabólico.

Abstract Introduction: The postprandial stage is associated with the increase of markers related to cardiovascular risk, and its intensity depends on the metabolic state. Objective: To determine the impact of a high-fat meal intake on the metabolic and inflammatory profile, and its relationship to abdominal obesity. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 42 individuals (21 with abdominal obesity). We measured glucose, insulin, lipid profile, reactive C protein, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 6 in fasting blood, and four hours after eating. Results: Besides obesity, we found insulin resistance and higher levels of fasting triacylglycerides and C-reactive protein. There were higher postprandial responses to glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerides. Interleukin 6 decreased in the non-obese group, and lipopolysaccharides increased in both groups. Conclusions: A saturated high-fat food intake produced a greater impact on the glycemic variables in the group with obesity, while it affected the lipids in both groups. However, the increase of triacylglycerides was higher in the presence of a high basal concentration, and it promoted the increase of lipopolysaccharides. The basal and postprandial inflammatory state affected the group with obesity more. The postprandial moment reflected the most frequent state of the individuals on a normal day and evidenced the capacity of the metabolic response to food intake, as well as early metabolic risk states.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Relationship between maternal and newborn endothelial function and oxidative stress. METHODS: Forty-three pregnant women and their offspring were evaluated. As markers of endothelial function, the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured in pregnant women in the second and third trimesters, and nitric oxide (NO) was quantified in the endothelial cells of the umbilical cord vein. Malondialdehyde (MDA), as a marker of oxidative stress, was measured in the maternal plasma (second and third trimesters) and plasma from umbilical cord blood. Gestational age and birth weight were recorded. Correlations between variables were estimated, and adjustments were made for specific gestational week of measurement, gestational age at birth, and complications during pregnancy and/or at delivery. RESULTS: Maternal FMD at second trimester correlated positively with newborn MDA, although with marginal significance (P = 0.090). The change in maternal FMD was positively correlated with newborn NO (P = 0.039), although adjustment for gestational age and specific week of gestation attenuated this relationship (P = 0.070). Maternal MDA at second trimester correlated positively with newborn MDA independently of gestational age at birth, specific week of gestation of the measurement, and having complications during pregnancy or at delivery (P = 0.032). After adjustments, the change in maternal MDA correlated with newborn MDA but marginally (P = 0.077). CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that under physiological conditions, enhanced endothelial function and/or oxidative stress in the mother may impact on normal fetal development. Future studies are recommended, employing larger sample sizes, a more extensive set of markers of oxidative stress, and comparisons of complicated versus normal pregnancies.

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Epidemiological studies have led scientists to postulate the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis for noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and obesity. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of these diseases are not well understood. In various animal models, it has been observed that oxidative stress during pregnancy is associated with the early development of endothelial dysfunction in offspring. This phenomenon suggests that endothelial dysfunction may initiate in the uterus and could lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Currently, it is known that many of the fetal adaptive responses to environmental factors are mediated by epigenetic changes in the genome, especially by the degree of methylation in cytosines in the promoter regions of genes. These findings suggest that the establishment of a particular epigenetic pattern in the genome may be generated by oxidative stress.

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BACKGROUND: Many studies have suggested a relationship between metabolic abnormalities and impaired fetal growth with the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases in the adulthood. Moreover, it has been proposed that maternal factors such as endothelial function and oxidative stress are key mechanisms of both fetal metabolic alterations and subsequent development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The objective of this project is to evaluate the effect of micronutrient supplementation and regular aerobic exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation maternal and stress oxidative of the newborn. METHODS AND DESIGN: 320 pregnant women attending to usual prenatal care in Cali, Colombia will be included in a factorial randomized controlled trial. Women will be assigned to the following intervention groups: 1. CONTROL GROUP: usual prenatal care (PC) and placebo (maltodextrine). 2. Exercise group: PC, placebo and aerobic physical exercise. 3. Micronutrients group: PC and a micronutrients capsule consisting of zinc (30 mg), selenium (70 µg), vitamin A (400 µg), alphatocopherol (30 mg), vitamin C (200 mg), and niacin (100 mg). 4. Combined interventions Group: PC, supplementation of micronutrients, and aerobic physical exercise. Anthropometric measures will be taken at the start and at the end of the interventions. DISCUSSION: Since in previous studies has been showed that the maternal endothelial function and oxidative stress are related to oxidative stress of the newborn, this study proposes that complementation with micronutrients during pregnancy and/or regular physical exercise can be an early and innovative alternative to strengthen the prevention of chronic diseases in the population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00872365.

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Objetivo: evaluar, en mujeres primigestantes saludables, el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico sobre el consumo de oxígeno. Materiales y métodos: estudio clínico aleatorizado en 64 mujeres saludables, primigestantes, entre 16 y 20 semanas de gestación. Grupo de intervención: ejercicio aeróbico entre el 50% y 65% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima, durante 45 min, 3 veces por semana durante 16 semanas. Grupo control: actividad física habitual. Mediciones: consumo de oxígeno VO2max por prueba de caminata de seis minutos y antropometría para peso, talla y ganancia relativa de peso. Resultados: en las mediciones iniciales, no se encontraron diferencias entre grupos en ninguna de las variables. Al finalizar la intervención, las participantes que realizaron ejercicio presentaban una mayor capacidad física, medida por la distancia recorrida en el test de caminata (p=0,043) y por el VO2max (p=0,023). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en las variables antropométricas. Conclusión: la práctica regular de ejercicio aeróbico y controlado, mejora la capacidad física en mujeres gestantes. Por esta razón, intervenciones como esta podrían ser una alternativa temprana y efectiva para fortalecer la prevención de patologías durante el embarazo asociadas al sedentarismo.

Objective: evaluating the effect of aerobic exercise on oxygen consumption by healthy first-pregnancy females. Materials and methods: a randomized clinical trial was carried out on 64 healthy first-pregnancy females (16 to 20 weeks pregnant). Intervention group: aerobic exercise involving 50% to 65% maximum heart rate for 45 min, 3 times a week over a 16-week period. Control group: habitual physical activity. Measurements used: maximum oxygen consumption capacity test (VO2max) involving 6-minute walking test and anthropometric weight, height and relative weight gain indicators. Results: no differences were found in initial measurements between groups regarding any of the variables. By the end of the 16-week intervention, participants engaging in regular exercise presented greater physical capacity as measured by the distance covered in the walking (p=0.043) and VO2max (p=0.023) tests. No significant differences were found between groups regarding the anthropometric variables. Conclusion: engaging in regular controlled aerobic exercise improved physical capacity in pregnant females. Interventions like this could thus represent an early effective alternative for strengthening the prevention of physical inactivity pathologies during pregnancy.

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OBJETIVO: evaluar el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico en la función dependiente del endotelio (VDE) y en el consumo de oxígeno en mujeres primigestantes. MÉTODOS: ensayo clínico controlado, enmascarado y aleatorizado, llevado a cabo en 67 mujeres saludables, primigestantes, entre 16 a 20 semanas de gestación. Grupo de intervención: ejercicio aeróbico entre 50 percentage y 65 percentage de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima, durante 45 minutos, tres veces por semana, durante dieciséis semanas. Grupo control: actividad física habitual. Mediciones: VDE: vasodilatación mediada por flujo (VMF), consumo de oxígeno VO2max: prueba de caminata de seis minutos; antropometría: peso y talla. RESULTADOS: en las mediciones iniciales no se encontraron diferencias entre grupos en ninguna de las variables. Al finalizar la intervención, las participantes que realizaron ejercicio tenían mayor capacidad física, medida por la distancia recorrida en el test de caminata (p=0,043) y por el VO2max (p=0,023). Además, el grupo de ejercicio tuvo menor frecuencia cardiaca en reposo y mayor VMF que el grupo control (p<0,05). Ambos grupos aumentaron la frecuencia cardiaca en reposo, el diámetro basal y el diámetro post-hiperemia de la arteria braquial al final de la intervención (p<0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: la práctica regular de ejercicio aeróbico y controlado, mejora la función endotelial y la capacidad física en mujeres gestantes. Por esta razón, intervenciones como esta podrían ser una alternativa temprana y efectiva para fortalecer la prevención de patologías durante el embarazo asociadas con disfunción endotelial.

OBJECTIVE: evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on endothelium-dependent function (EDF) and oxygen consumption in primigravida. METHODS: double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial carried out in primigravida between 16 to 20 weeks of gestation. The intervention group had aerobic exercise between 50 percentage to 65 percentage of the maximum heart rate during 45 minutes, three times a week for sixteen weeks. The control group had habitual physical activity. MEASUREMENTS REALIZED: EDF: flow-mediated dilation (FMD), oxygen consumption VO2max: 6 minute walking test, anthropometry: weight and size. RESULTS: no differences were found between the two groups in any variables in the initial measurements. At the end of the intervention, participants who exercised had greater physical capacity, measured by the distance covered in walking test (p = 0.043) and VO2max (p = 0.023). In addition, the exercise group had lower resting heart rate and increased FMD than the control group (p <0.05). Both groups increased the resting heart rate, basal diameter and post-hyperemia diameter of the brachial artery at the end of the intervention (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: regular practice of controlled aerobic exercise improves endothelial function and physical capacity in primigravida. For this reason, interventions like this could be an early and effective alternative to strengthen prevention of pathologies associated with endothelial dysfunction during pregnancy.

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