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Water and wastewater utilities consume significant energy. While they are regulated on water quality and other environmental issues, energy management is largely optional. In between enforceable public policy and voluntary internal action, professional associations can influence their industries to act. In this perspective article, we discuss 10 policy statements from three professional associations in the water sector and discuss how they support energy management. While few of the statements directly address energy management, we conclude that they justify it in terms of ethics, sustainability, affordability, and asset management. Still, their disparate nature exposes a policy gap. We recommend that the associations develop definitive policy statements on the subject to clarify their positions and set expectations. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Water/wastewater utilities use energy but are not regulated for energy management. In the absence of public policy, professional associations can influence action. We discuss 10 policy statements from ASCE, AWWA, and WEF in the water industry. The statements support energy management indirectly but leave a policy gap. We recommend developing policy statements specifically on this topic.

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AIMS: This work aims to determine the factors which play a role in establishing the microbial population throughout the digestive tract in ruminants and is necessary to enhance our understanding of microbial establishment and activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study used Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) to investigate the microbial profiles of 11 regions of the digestive tract of two breeds of sheep (Beulah and Suffolk). TRFLP data revealed that the regions of the digestive tract were highly significantly different in terms of the composition of the bacterial communities within three distinct clusters of bacterial colonization (foregut, midgut and hindgut). The data also show that breed was a significant factor in the establishment of the bacterial component of the microbial community, but that no difference was detected between ciliated protozoal populations. CONCLUSIONS: We infer that not only are the different regions of the tract important in determining the composition of the microbial communities in the sheep, but so too is the breed of the animal. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first time that a difference has been detected in the digestive microbial population of two different breeds of sheep.

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BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is well recognised as one of the leading causes of preventable death. However, little is known about the general public's knowledge surrounding national physical activity guidelines, particularly within general practice (GP). SETTING: Two GPs (York and Maidenhead, UK). QUESTION: Are GP patients aware of the national physical guidelines? Also, are health care professionals routinely raising the issue of physical inactivity and would patients welcome support from health care professionals regarding inactivity? METHODOLOGY: A questionnaire was distributed in two GPs over a one-week period to evaluate patients knowledge of the national physical activity guidelines. RESULTS: Ninety-four participants completed the questionnaire over one week (60 female; 34 male), with an average age of 54.2 (standard deviation: 19.9 years). 14% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 8-22%) of the total participants correctly knew the recommended national guidelines for physical activity. 52% (95% CI: 42-63%) recalled being asked by a health care professional about their activity levels. 46% (95% CI: 35-56%) would welcome support from a health care professional around improving their activity levels. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Only 14% of responders correctly knew the current national minimum activity guidelines. Encouragingly 46% of participants in our study were interested in physical activity advice from a health care professional. Health care professionals need to be aware that many patients do not know the current physical activity guidelines and recognise that primary care may be an underutilised opportunity to educate and promote physical activity.

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Experienced General Practitioners were asked about lasting value from GP Registrar training. Grounded theory was used to construct eight categories of training behaviours. In each category, dimensions spanned between learner-preferred behaviours and those the learners perceived as less helpful. Learners valued teaching based on evergreen approaches to problems. They welcomed exposure to a wide variety of styles and a safe, blame-free, environment, wherein to develop reflective practice. Modelling by trainers of personal development and team-skills has proved of lasting value in a changing world, particularly where change management is based on completed audit cycles. Help to see family medicine contexts of presenting problems enhanced Registrars' appetite for learning. Trainers centring education on learners, yet maintaining a sense of direction, are highly valued. General practice learners appreciate sensitive positive and negative feedback from their trainers. This work offers new possibilities for assessing and developing trainer behaviour.

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BALB/c (C) and C57BL/6 (B6) allotype--congenic strains of mice (C, C.B, B6, B6.C) were made congenitally anthymic by the introduction of the mutant nude gene (nu). The resulting nude mice (C.nu, C.B.nu, B6.nu and B6.C.nu) were found to produce highly variable quantities of IgG1 and IgG2a. Whether these mice showed high, normal, or low quantities of IgG1 or IgG2a relative to their normal counterparts depended on their age and genetic background. In all nude mice, IgG1 production appeared more sensitive to the loss of T cells than did IgG2a production. An extreme example of this was the deficiency of IgG1 but not IgG2a in adult B6.nu and B6.C.nu mice. Substantial quantities of both IgG1 and IgG2a were found in adult C.nu and C.B.nu mice.

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Five turkey adenoviruses were classified into four serologic groups by reciprocal-neutralization kinetics. Two viruses were found to be serologically homologous, while three others were found to be heterologous and placed in separate serologic groups.

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