RESUMEN
Two species of medical interest belong to the genus Ochrobactrum, Ochrobactrum anthropi and Ochrobactrum intermedium. They are members of the microbiota of soil and an increasing number of works report the isolation of O. anthropi from clinical specimen, especially from immunocompromised patients and nosocomial infection. Involving of each species in human infection is poorly estimated due to unclear differential phenotypic characters. We performed 16S rDNA sequencing for identification of 20 clinical isolates of Ochrobactrum sp. to the species level. Then, we studied the phenotype of each isolate especially, morphology, culture onto different media and at different temperatures, biochemical characters and antibiotics resistance pattern. Colony morphology after growth onto Trypticase-Soy and McConkey agar, culture at 45 degrees C onto Trypticase-Soja agar, presence of urease, and netilmycin, tobramycin and colistin resistance allowed identification of species. Ribotyping using HindIII and EcoRI gave a supplementary criterion for species determination but did not allow typing at the infra-species level. In contrast, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis showed high degree of polymorphism between strains and proved the clonality of certain isolates. Thus, this method could be a useful tool for molecular epidemiology of Ochrobactrum infections.
Asunto(s)
Bacilos y Cocos Aerobios Gramnegativos/clasificación , Bacilos y Cocos Aerobios Gramnegativos/genética , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/epidemiología , Ochrobactrum anthropi , ADN Ribosómico/química , Bacilos y Cocos Aerobios Gramnegativos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacilos y Cocos Aerobios Gramnegativos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
The bactericidal and sporicidal activities of six disinfectants (Acétoper, Cidex, Phagoseptyl, Pyosynthène, Bétadine, Sterlane) were studied against 21 bacterial strains recovered from hemodialysis machines, and against two bacterial spores. AFNOR methods were used (NF T. 72-151, NF T. 72-171 et NF T. 72-231). Only Acétoper presented a bactericidal and sporicidal activity. A disparity in bactericidal concentrations was observed among Gram negative bacteria. Phenolic compound (Phagoseptyl) was not influenced by interfering substances. pH have a clear effect upon Cidex and Bétadine activities. Statistical analysis (variance and multiple comparisons test of Ryan-Einot) showed the significant role of the type of bacteria and the nature of disinfectants. These compounds were classified according to their increasing activity as following: Cidex, Sterlane, Phagoseptyl, Bétadine, Pyosynthène, Acétoper.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Diálisis Renal/efectos adversos , Bacillus subtilis/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Bacterianas/etiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/aislamiento & purificación , Técnicas In Vitro , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
Bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin (CIP), clarithromycin (CLA), rifampin (RIF) alone and in combinations was studied against five atypical mycobacteria (4 isolates from patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and 1 collection strain) by time killing curves method. Drugs were used at their attainable serum levels: CIP (1 microgram/ml), CLA (2 micrograms/ml), RIF (16 micrograms/ml). The decrease in CFU in comparison to inoculum (10(6)-10(7) CFU/ml) was evaluated by viable counts after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days of incubation at 35-37 degrees C. Drug combinations enhanced slightly the killing of drugs alone. CIP+CLA was the most effective against MAC strains whereas CIP+RIF appeared as the best combination against rapidly growing species except M. phlei which was the most resistant strain.
Asunto(s)
Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Claritromicina/farmacología , Mycobacterium phlei/efectos de los fármacos , Micobacterias no Tuberculosas/efectos de los fármacos , Rifampin/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada/farmacología , Humanos , Técnicas In VitroRESUMEN
The bactericidal and sporicidal activities of a peracetic acid disinfectant commonly used in hospitals (Acetoper 200) was studied using three bacterial species recovered in water from hemodialysis machines and humidifiers, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia liquefaciens, and Bacillus subtilis (spores). The method used was derived from AFNOR norms NF T 72-151 and NF T 72-231. For each strain, three concentrations of disinfectant were tested. Counts were performed every five minutes for one hour to evaluate killing kinetics. For both Gram-negative organisms, survival curves were biphasic, whereas B. subtilis counts decreased logarithmically. Both concentration and time influenced the 5 log10 decrease in counts. With S. liquefaciens and B. subtilis (spores), the 5 log10 decrease was not reached with low levels of disinfectant. In every case, the D value decreased substantially with increasing levels of disinfectant.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Ácido Peracético/farmacología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Acetatos/uso terapéutico , Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Combinación de Medicamentos , Francia , Unidades Hospitalarias , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/uso terapéutico , Técnicas In Vitro , Ácido Peracético/uso terapéutico , Serratia/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
A series of 16 antibiotics from different classes (5-nitro imidazoles, beta-lactams, cyclins, macrolids, chloramphenicol) was examined for their bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities on 45 strains of Clostridium perfringens, with determination of MIC and MBC values. Several techniques of multivariate analysis were used in order to visualize differentiations in sensitivity profiles: Principal component analysis (PCA) and preferentially Correspondence factorial analysis (CFA). This approach revealed the efficacy of antibiotics from both general and family classifications.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Clostridium perfringens/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis de Varianza , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
O estudo comparativo da atividade da azlocilina, da mezlocilina e da piperacilina sobre 123 cepas de bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas nos hospitais do Recife foi efetuado mediante a determinaçäo das CIM e das CBM pela microtécnica de diluiçäo em caldo. Estas três ureidopenicilinas apresentaram uma boa atividade contra E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus indol positivo e Klebsiella. Todas as cepas de Pseudomonas foram sensíveis à Azlocilina e à Piperacilina
Asunto(s)
Piperacilina/farmacocinética , Azlocilina/farmacocinética , Mezlocilina/farmacocinética , Bacterias Gramnegativas , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Piperacilina/química , Azlocilina/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Mezlocilina/química , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The in vitro activity of apalcillin was compared with those of mezlocillin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime and cefotetan against 50 strains of Bacteroides fragilis group. The minimal concentrations were determined by a microdilution method in Wilkins-Chalgren medium and subculturing on agar. On the basis of MICs and MBCs range, the activity of apalcillin was similar to that of other beta-lactam antibiotics; cefoxitin was slightly more active. The mode MICs were as follow: apalcillin = 16 micrograms/ml, mezlocillin = 8 micrograms/ml, piperacillin = 2 micrograms/ml, cefoxitin = 8 micrograms/ml, cefotaxime = 8 and 32 micrograms/ml, cefotetan = 4 micrograms/ml. All the strains of B. thetaiotaomicron and B. vulgatus were susceptible to the six beta lactam compounds. The MBCs and MICs were similar. Apalcillin had the greatest bactericidal activity.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacteroides fragilis/efectos de los fármacos , Ampicilina/análogos & derivados , Ampicilina/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , NaftiridinasRESUMEN
Three nitro-imidazole derivatives and eleven other antibiotics were studied for both their antimicrobial activity and the degree to which they produced inoculum effect on twenty strains of Bacteroides fragilis group. Five inocula were studied ranging from 10(5) to 10(9) CFU/ml. Statistical analysis show the significant influence of inoculum and those of strains. Nitro-imidazole derivatives exhibited a large inoculum effect while other antibiotics exhibited only a minimal to-no-inoculum effect.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Bacteroides fragilis/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Lactamas , Nitroimidazoles/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of ciprofloxacin has been studied on 2 strains of S. faecalis in the logarithmic phase after 2 exposure times and at concentrations ranging 0.5-10 times the MIC. At the end of the exposure period the antimicrobial is removed by dilution. Similar PAE is observed for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, higher than for pefloxacin. Ciprofloxacin-fosfomycin or ciprofloxacin-vancomycin combinations are indifferent or even antagonistic (vancomycin) in regards to PAE. Ciprofloxacin-penicillin or ciprofloxacin-netilmicin are weakly synergistic.
Asunto(s)
Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Fosfomicina/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Netilmicina/farmacología , Norfloxacino/análogos & derivados , Norfloxacino/farmacología , Ofloxacino , Oxazinas/farmacología , Pefloxacina , Vancomicina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The action of ornidazole on Bacteroides fragilis at the following concentrations, 4 MIC--MIC--MIC/2--MIC/4, is observed by electron microscopy, transmission and scanning, for 18 to 48 hours. The primary effect on ultrastructure was characterized by a distinct change in the morphology with filament formations and abnormal forms. Secondary effects were significant change in the distribution of ribosomes and abnormal cell division. No significant alterations in the peripheral cell wall were observed.
Asunto(s)
Bacteroides fragilis/efectos de los fármacos , Nitroimidazoles/farmacología , Ornidazol/farmacología , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Bacteroides fragilis/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de RastreoRESUMEN
The comparative susceptibility of 50 isolates of enterococci and 50 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to pefloxacin and different antibiotics was tested using MIC determination. The results showed only 6% sensitive strains of enterococci and 36% of P. aeruginosa. The high level resistant streptococci against aminoglycosides and resistant Pseudomonas strains have weakly higher MIC than sensitive strains. The activity of the combination of pefloxacin and other antibiotics was determined by a checkerboard micromethod. Fractional concentration index (FIC and FBC) show most frequently addition, uncommonly synergy.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Norfloxacino/análogos & derivados , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , Quimioterapia Combinada , Enterococcus faecalis/genética , Técnicas In Vitro , Norfloxacino/farmacología , Pefloxacina , Fenotipo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genéticaRESUMEN
The passage of piperacillin into the omentum was evaluated in 23 patients who received one single intravenous injection of 2 grams. Median concentrations were 7.05 micrograms.g-1 at 30 min, 7.2 micrograms.g-1 at 60 min., 4.65 micrograms.g-1 at 90 min. and 3.53 micrograms.g-1 at 120 min. The corresponding maximal values were 36 micrograms.g-1, 59.7 micrograms.g-1, 36 micrograms.g-1 and 32 micrograms.g-1 respectively. Specimens collected beyond 2 hours showed that the concentrations obtained were maintained.