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Lionfish (Pterois spp.) are invasive species reported since 2009 in the Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo National Natural Park in the Caribbean. Their capture and consumption are strategies to control their dispersion and limit ecological damage. The natural park is influenced by the vicinity of Cartagena's residential, industrial, and touristic activities, as well as sediments loaded with mercury from the Dique Channel. For the first time, total mercury levels in muscle from 58 lionfish were determined, with values ranging from 0.01 to 0.38 µg/g (mean = 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/g). Fish length ranged from 17.4 to 44.0 cm (mean = 28.0 ± 0.63 cm). Mercury levels did not increase proportionally to fish length for pooled data, but the relationship was significant for specimens from Rosario Island. Mercury levels comply with legislation for fish consumption, but the risk to human health may appear if it occurs daily. Therefore, precautionary approach and a permanent monitoring strategy are strongly advised.

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ABSTRACT Assets and Liabilities Management (ALM) has been a topic of interest for decision makers in the private and public sectors. This study shows a systematic review of 416 published research paper; in the Scopus citation index, associated with ALM in a period of time from 1983 to 2021. The main objective is to identify the lines of publication over time, emphasize the journals most associated with the subject, as well as the relevant authors. The tool that was used was Bibliometrix of R, which allowed to identify the bibliometric indicators in the publications. In addition, the work proposes a modeling of themes based on text mining methodologies. The results allow us to conclude that quantitative research has been widely exploited through the 6 themes: Financial risk management, Stochastic modeling, Pension funds, Capital markets and the insurance industry, Mean-variance models, General optimization models. This research allows us to identify gaps in the literature to frame future research. JEL CLASSIFICATION G10. G21. G22. G30

RESUMEN La gestión de activos y pasivos (ALM - Assets and Liabilities Management por sus siglas en inglés) ha sido un tema de interés para tomadores de decisión en el sector privado y público. Este estudio muestra una revisión sistemática de 416 investigaciones publicadas, en el indice de citas Scopus, asociadas con el ALM en un periodo de tiempo de 1983 a 2021. El objetivo principal es identificar las líneas de publicación a través del tiempo, enfatizar en las revistas más asociadas con el tema, así como los autores relevantes. La herramienta que se utilizò fue Bibliometrix de R, la cuál permitió identificar los indicadores bibliométricos en las publicaciones. Además, en el trabajo se propone una modelación de temas a partir de metodologías de minería de texto. Los resultados permiten concluir que la investigación cuantitativa ha sido ampliamente explotada a través de las 6 temáticas: Financial risk management, Stochastic modeling, Pension funds, Capital markets and the insurance industry, Mean-variance models, General optimization models. Esta investigación permite identificar brechas en la literatura para enmarcar futuras investigaciones. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL G10. G21. G22. G30

RESUMO A Gestão de Ativos e Passivos (ALM) tem sido um tema de interesse para os tomadores de decisão nos setores privado e público. Este estudo mostra uma revisão sistemática de 416 artigos de pesquisa publicados, no índice de citação Scopus, associados à ALM, durante um período de 1983 a 2021. O principal objetivo é identificar as linhas de publicação ao longo do tempo, enfatizando as revistas mais associadas ao tema, assim como os autores relevantes. A ferramenta utilizada foi a Bibliometrix da R, que nos permitiu identificar os indicadores bibliométricos nas publicações. Além disso, o documento propõe uma modelagem de tópicos baseada em metodologias de mineração de texto. Os resultados nos permitem concluir que a pesquisa quantitativa foi amplamente explorada através dos 6 temas: Gerenciamento de risco financeiro, Modelagem estocástica, Fundos de pensão, Mercado de capitais e indústria de seguros, Modelos de média-variância, Modelos de otimização geral. Esta pesquisa nos permite identificar lacunas na literatura para enquadrar futuras pesquisas. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL G10. G21. G22. G30

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OBJETIVO: Evaluar la situación nutricional de los niños de uno a tres años en los centros de desarrollo infantil en la parroquia de Calderón. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 646 niños de uno a tres años que asisten regularmente a veinte centros de desarrollo infantil en la parroquia de Calderón de la ciudad de Quito: el 51,2 % niños y el 48,8 % niñas. Para esto, se tomó como dimensión temporal un estudio comprendido entre el período de mayo a septiembre de 2019. Se describieron las variables en promedio, desviación estándar, con un análisis comparativo por sexo. RESULTADOS: Se determinó que existió una prevalencia de desnutrición crónica, global y aguda de 35,91 %, 8,98 % y 2,32 % respectivamente, con un riesgo de sobrepeso de 19,81 %, sobrepeso de 3,72 % y obesidad de 0,93 %. Estos datos fueron más críticos para los niños con un 40,48 % frente al 31,11 % de desnutrición crónica, con un 10,27 % frente al 7,62 % de desnutrición global, con un 2,11 % frente al 2,54 % de desnutrición aguda en las niñas, con un riesgo de sobrepeso similar de 19,94 % frente al 19,68 % de las niñas, y con un sobrepeso y obesidad mayor en niños de 5,44 % frente al 3,81 % de las niñas. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados del estado nutricional muestran que el riesgo de desnutrición en la población de los centros de desarrollo infantil estuvo por encima de los promedios nacionales: 10,6 % mayor en desnutrición crónica (25,3 %), 2,6 % mayor en desnutrición global (6,4 %) y relativamente igual en desnutrición aguda (2,4 %). En sobrepeso y obesidad, 4,0 % menor a los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en 2012 (8,6 %), aunque los datos hacen referencia a niños menores de cinco años

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess nutritionalstatus of children from one to three years of age in child development centers in the parish of Calderon. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectionalstudy in 646 children from one to three years old who regularly attend twenty child development centers in the parish of Calderón, city of Quito. 51,2% boys and 48,8% girls were evaluated. As time dimension, a study between May toSeptember 2019 was conducted. The variables described in the study were average and standard deviation with a comparative analysis by gender. A correlational analysis was subsequently executed applying Chi Square analysis, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA for independent data, as well as the 95% CI. RESULTS: It was determined that there was a prevalence of chronic, global, and acute malnutrition of 35,91%, 8,98%, and 2,32% respectively, with a risk of overweight of 19,81%, overweight of 3,72% and 0,93% obesity. These data were more critical for children with 40,48% compared to 31,11% of chronic malnutrition, 10,27% compared to 7,62% of global malnutrition, 2,11% compared to 2,54% of acute malnutrition in girls, with a similar risk of overweight of 19,94% compared to 19,68% of girls, and a higher overweight and obesity in boys of 5,44% compared to 3,81% of girls. On the other hand, there is a relationship between gender and chronic malnutrition; body mass index and acute malnutrition; and an interaction between gender and overall malnutrition on weight, gender, and chronic malnutrition on height; and gender and acute malnutrition on body mass index. CONCLUSION: The results of the nutritional status show that the risk of malnutrition in the population of child development centers was above the prevalence of national reports: 10,6% higher in chronic malnutrition (25,3%), 2,6 % higher in global malnutrition (6,4%) and relatively equal in acute malnutrition(2,4%). In terms of overweight and obesity 4,0% lower than the data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2012 (8,6%) although the data refer to children under five years of age

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We assessed visuospatial abilities in PCA. Sequential display of two simple geometric figures enhanced detection and discrimination relative to simultaneous display (Exps 1 & 2). Comparing edges of a single object enhanced discrimination relative to comparing edges of two separate objects, consistent with object-based attention (Exp. 3). Recognition of complex line drawings was spared for a single object but disrupted by an attention-grabbing small circle (Exp. 4). A covert orienting task showed difficulty disengaging from previous locations and attentional bias toward the right visual field (Exp. 5). These findings shed light on the role of visual attention in perceptual awareness.

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OBJETIVO: Evaluar el estado nutricional, según indicadores antropométricos, de los niños menores de cinco años en la parroquia de Pifo. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 609 niños de cero a cinco años que asisten regularmente al subcentro de salud de Pifo: el 50,7% niños y el 49,3% niñas. Para esto, se tomó como dimensión temporal un estudio comprendido entre el período de julio a noviembre de 2018. Se describieron las variables de promedio y desviación estándar, con un análisis comparativo por sexo. RESULTADOS: Entre los principales resultados, se determinó que existió una prevalencia de desnutrición crónica, global y aguda de 15,8%, 4,6% y 2,0% respectivamente, con un sobrepeso de 4,3% y obesidad de 1,2%. Estos datos fueron más críticos para los niños, con un 19,4% frente al 12,0% de desnutrición crónica, con un 6,0 % frente al 3,0% de desnutrición global, con un 2,6% frente al 1,3% de desnutrición aguda en las niñas, y con un sobrepeso y obesidad similar de 5,5% frente al 5,3% en las niñas. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados del estado nutricional muestran que el riesgo de desnutrición en la población infantil de Pifo estuvo por debajo de los promedios nacionales: 9,5% menor en desnutrición crónica (25,3%), 1,8% menor en desnutrición global (6,4%) y 0,4% menor en desnutrición aguda. En sobrepeso y obesidad, 3,1% menor que los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de 2012 (8,6%)

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the nutritional conditions of children under five years old through anthropometric variables in the parish of Pifo. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive, transversal research cut in 609 children from zero to five-year-old that regularly come to the health center in Pifo; 50,7% male and 49,3% female. Research period: July through November 2018. Variables used: average, standard deviation and a comparative analysis by genre. RESULTS: Significant findings were a prevalence of chronic, global and severe malnutrition in 15,8%, 4,6%, and 2,0% respectively, overweight 4,3%, and obesity 1,2%, which were more severe in male, 19,4% versus 12,0% in chronic malnutrition, 6,0% versus 3% in global malnutrition, 2,6% versus 1,3% in severe malnutrition in female, overweight and obesity in 5,5% versus 5,3% in female. CONCLUSION: Children nutritional status of the parish of Pifo is under the average of the national indicators registered by the National Health and Nutrition survey, 2012: 9,5% less in chronic malnutrition (25,3%), 1,8% less in global malnutrition (6,4%), and 0,4% less in severe malnutrition. Overweight and obesity: 3,1% less compared to ENSANUT, 2012 (8,6%)

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En los últimos cincuenta años, psicólogos y economistas han catalogado los errores que la gente adulta comete cuando toma decisiones. El objetivo de nuestro resumen narrativo es describir estos errores como ocurren en niños de edad escolar. Luego de una breve introducción a las teorías más importantes en economía comportamental (Utilidad Esperada, Prospect, Rastro Difuso, Proceso Dual) haremos un resumen de esta literatura, con énfasis en el período de edad escolar. Evaluamos si los niños comprenden el concepto de 'valor esperado', si sus respuestas cambian en base a como se hace la pregunta, y si prefieren arriesgar en vez de aceptar propuestas seguras. También describimos, desde una perspectiva del desarrollo, la tendencia a sobrevalorar las posesiones, a perseverar cuando el gasto es irrecuperable, y a tener diferentes cuentas mentales. Nuestra revisión indica que las tendencias que se ven en la adultez también suelen ocurrir en niños y niñas de edad escolar, y señala áreas en las que se carece de datos sólidos. Concluimos nuestro artículo sugiriendo futuras áreas de investigación

Over the last half century, psychologists and behavioral economists have catalogued myriad mistakes that people make when making decisions. The way those mistakes are expressed in school-aged children is the focus of this narrative review. After a brief introduction to the main theoretical positions (expected utility theory, prospect theory, fuzzy-trace theory, dual-systems theory), we do a comprehensive review of the developmental literature. We start with children's understanding of expected value, their sensitivity to framing effects, and their tendency to favor risky choices over riskless options. Next, we describe developmental research on the endowment effect, sunk cost, and mental accounting. Our review indicates that biases observed in adults are often evident in school-age children too, and singles out areas of developmental research in which solid information is not available. We conclude by highlighting areas in need of future research

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INTRODUCCIÓN: El sobrepeso y la obesidad es un problema de salud pública, su alta prevalencia en docentes universitarios se produce por una ingesta inadecuada de alimentos y poca actividad física producto de su trabajo. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el estado nutricional en función del índice de masa corporal en los docentes de la Universidad UTE de la ciudad de Quito a través del uso de indicadores antropométricos. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 427 docentes de la Universidad UTE, en el que 61% eran hombres y el 39%, mujeres durante el año 2018. Se describieron las variables en promedio, desviación estándar e intervalos de confianza, con un análisis comparativo por sexo. RESULTADOS: Entre los principales resultados, se determinó que existió una prevalencia de sobrepeso de 48,7% y de obesidad de 18,0%, siendo más críticos para los hombres, ya que presentan un 55,4% de sobrepeso y 19,6% de obesidad, frente al 38,4% y 15,6% de las mujeres respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que no hay desnutrición o bajo peso, pero que el sobrepeso y obesidad fueron altamente prevalentes, y que las dos terceras partes (66,7%) de los docentes universitarios de la UTE los padecen, es decir, son ligeramente superiores que los reportados para el país (62,8%), en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en 2012

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity are considered a public health problem, their high prevalence in university professors is produced by an inadequate food intake and poor exercise activity as a result of their work. PURPUSE: To assess the nutritional status of UTE University professors in Quito by using anthropometric indicators. SEARCH METHODS: Descriptive study of transverse cut made in four hundred twenty-seven individuals at UTE University.61% male and 39% female. Variables used in the study were: average, standard deviation, and confidence intervals. It is been used a comparative analysis between gender. Data had been taken in 2018. MAIN RESULTS: The significant findings that were found were the following: an excess of overweight of 48,7% and obesity of 18,0%. Critical findings were found in male's overweight with 55,4% and obesity with 19,6%. In contrast, female's overweight with 38,4% and obesity with 15,6%. CONCLUSION: Neither malnutrition nor overweight are found in the study. However, overweight and obesity are prevalent. Two-thirds (66,7%) of the individuals has it, lightly superior compared to the results of the country (62,8%) according to The Health and Nutrition Survey in 2012

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RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el estado nutricional según el índice de masa corporal de los estudiantes universitarios de pregrado de la Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE) y de la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial (UTE) de la ciudad de Quito, estableciendo sujetos de estudio con un perfil entre los 19 a 24 años de edad a través del uso de indicadores antropométricos. Metodología Se estableció una muestra conformada por 235 estudiantes que regularmente utilizan los comedores universitarios; de este estudio el 53% eran mujeres y el 47% hombres. Para esto se tomó como dimensión un estudio comprendido entre el periodo julio de 2013 a marzo de 2014. Resultados Entre los principales resultados se determinó que existió una prevalencia de malnutrición de 28,1%, en donde se evidenció una mayor presencia de exceso de peso (22,1%) que de déficit (6,0%); estos datos fueron más críticos para los hombres, con un 34,2% frente al 22,6% de las mujeres. Conclusión Los resultados de sobrepeso y obesidad encontrados en los estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos fueron de 18,3% y 3,8%, respectivamente, inferiores que los reportados para el país, en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en 2013.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the nutritional status of undergraduate university students aged between 19 and 24 years, from the Universidad Central de Ecuador (UCE) and the Universidad Tecnológica de Ecuador (UTE) of Quito, according to the body mass index (BMI) and using anthropometric indicators. Materials and Methods A sample was established consisting of 235 students who regularly use university canteens (53% women; 47% men). The study was carried out between July 2013 and March 2014. Results A prevalence of malnutrition was found in 28.1% of the sample, evidencing a higher percentage of overweight (22.1%) than of low weight (6.0%). These data were more critical in men (34.2%) than in women (22.6%). Conclusion Overweight and obesity in Ecuadorian university students were 18.3% and 3.8%, respectively, which is lower than the figures reported for the country in the National Health and Nutrition Survey.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o estado nutricional de estudantes universitários de graduação com idade entre 19 e 24 anos, da Universidad Central de Ecuador (UCE) e da Universidad Tecnológica de Ecuador (UTE) de Quito, segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e por meio de indicadores antropométricos. Materiais e métodos Estabeleceu-se uma amostra de 235 alunos que frequentam regularmente cantinas universitárias (53% mulheres; 47% homens). O estudo foi realizado entre julho de 2013 e março de 2014. Resultados Foi encontrada prevalência de desnutrição em 28,1% da amostra, evidenciando maior percentual de sobrepeso (22,1%) do que de baixo peso (6,0%). Esses dados foram mais críticos nos homens (34,2%) do que nas mulheres (22,6%). Conclusão O sobrepeso e a obesidade em estudantes universitários equatorianos eram de 18,3% e 3,8%, respectivamente, o que é inferior aos dados relatados para o país na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of undergraduate university students aged between 19 and 24 years, from the Universidad Central de Ecuador (UCE) and the Universidad Tecnológica de Ecuador (UTE) of Quito, according to the body mass index (BMI) and using anthropometric indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample was established consisting of 235 students who regularly use university canteens (53% women; 47% men). The study was carried out between July 2013 and March 2014. RESULTS: A prevalence of malnutrition was found in 28.1% of the sample, evidencing a higher percentage of overweight (22.1%) than of low weight (6.0%). These data were more critical in men (34.2%) than in women (22.6%). CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity in Ecuadorian university students were 18.3% and 3.8%, respectively, which is lower than the figures reported for the country in the National Health and Nutrition Survey.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el estado nutricional según el índice de masa corporal de los estudiantes universitarios de pregrado de la Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE) y de la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial (UTE) de la ciudad de Quito, estableciendo sujetos de estudio con un perfil entre los 19 a 24 años de edad a través del uso de indicadores antropométricos. METODOLOGÍA: Se estableció una muestra conformada por 235 estudiantes que regularmente utilizan los comedores universitarios; de este estudio el 53% eran mujeres y el 47% hombres. Para esto se tomó como dimensión un estudio comprendido entre el periodo julio de 2013 a marzo de 2014. RESULTADOS: Entre los principales resultados se determinó que existió una prevalencia de malnutrición de 28,1%, en donde se evidenció una mayor presencia de exceso de peso (22,1%) que de déficit (6,0%); estos datos fueron más críticos para los hombres, con un 34,2% frente al 22,6% de las mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de sobrepeso y obesidad encontrados en los estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos fueron de 18,3% y 3,8%, respectivamente, inferiores que los reportados para el país, en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en 2013.

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Common hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) introduced to Colombia in the 80s have since spread into livestock areas. Measures such as breeding control are needed to prevent further uncontrolled population growth. A young female hippopotamus was moved to a university veterinary hospital and anesthetized. Laparoscopic ovariectomy was attempted, but because of the difficulty of inserting the trocars in an apparently lax peritoneum, lateral laparotomy was performed. Both ovaries were transected with the use of an ultrasonic hemostatic device and clamping. Patient recovery was completely successful and the wound healed with few complications. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing a successful ovariectomy in a hippopotamus.

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To assess lay beliefs about self and brain, we probed people's opinions about the central self, in relation to morality, willful control, and brain relevance. In study 1, 172 participants compared the central self to the peripheral self. The central self, construed at this abstract level, was seen as more brain-based than the peripheral self, less changeable through willful control, and yet more indicative of moral character. In study 2, 210 participants described 18 specific personality traits on 6 dimensions: centrality to self, moral relevance, willful control, brain dependence, temporal stability, and desirability. Consistent with Study 1, centrality to the self, construed at this more concrete level, was positively correlated to brain dependence. Centrality to the self was also correlated to desirability and temporal stability, but not to morality or willful control. We discuss differences and similarities between abstract (Study 1) and concrete (Study 2) levels of construal of the central self, and conclude that in contemporary American society people readily embrace the brain as the underlying substrate of who they truly are.

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Does the presence of irrelevant neuroscience information make explanations of psychological phenomena more appealing? Do fMRI pictures further increase that allure? To help answer these questions, 385 college students in four experiments read brief descriptions of psychological phenomena, each one accompanied by an explanation of varying quality (good vs. circular) and followed by superfluous information of various types. Ancillary measures assessed participants' analytical thinking, beliefs on dualism and free will, and admiration for different sciences. In Experiment 1, superfluous neuroscience information increased the judged quality of the argument for both good and bad explanations, whereas accompanying fMRI pictures had no impact above and beyond the neuroscience text, suggesting a bias that is conceptual rather than pictorial. Superfluous neuroscience information was more alluring than social science information (Experiment 2) and more alluring than information from prestigious "hard sciences" (Experiments 3 and 4). Analytical thinking did not protect against the neuroscience bias, nor did a belief in dualism or free will. We conclude that the "allure of neuroscience" bias is conceptual, specific to neuroscience, and not easily accounted for by the prestige of the discipline. It may stem from the lay belief that the brain is the best explanans for mental phenomena.

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Anamnesis: an adult horse that showed hind limb hyperflexion was examined. Clinical and laboratory findings: at locomotion examination bilateral hyperflexion was observed; the right hind limb was more severely affected than the left. Electromyographic and histopathological examination revealed neural denervation and muscular atrophy supporting the idiopathic stringhalt diagnosis. Treatment approach: a lateral digital extensor tenectomy and partial myectomy was practiced in both hind limbs, accompanied by medical treatment and implementation of a mild exercise plan. The effectiveness of surgery is still controversial in these cases; however, this patient evidenced slow improvement after surgery and exercise seemed to be instrumental in the recovery of his normal locomotion. Conclusion: to our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical case compatible with idiopathic stringhalt in Colombian Creole horses, but further studies are necessary to clarify the etiology and pathogenesis of stringhalt in Colombia.

Anamnesis: se examinó un caballo adulto que mostraba hiperflexión de ambos miembros posteriores. Hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio: al examen locomotor se observó hiperflexión de ambos miembros posteriores pero el miembro posterior derecho parecía estar más afectado. El examen histopatológico y la electromiografía revelaron denervación neural y atrofia muscular soportando el diagnóstico de arpeo idiopático. Abordaje terapéutico: se practicó tenectomía y miectomía parcial del extensor digital lateral en ambos miembros posteriores, acompañada de tratamiento médico con la implementación de un plan de ejercicio ligero. La eficacia de la cirugía es controversial aún, sin embargo, en este caso, una lenta recuperación fue evidente y el ejercicio pareció ser un factor clave. Conclusión: el presente caso clínico es para nuestro conocimiento el primero compatible con arpeo idiopático en el Caballo Criollo Colombiano, pero se deben realizar más estudios para clarificar la etiología y patogenia del arpeo en Colombia.

Anamnese: foi examinado um cavalo adulto que mostrava hiperflexão dos dois membros posteriores. Achados Clínicos e de laboratorio: o exame foi observado hiperflexão de ambos os membros posteriores, estando mais afectado o membro posterior direito. O exame histopatológico e eletromiografia revelou denervação neural e atrofia muscular levando ao diagnóstico de harpejamento idiopático. Abordagem terapêutica: foi realizada tenectomia e miectomia parcial do músculo extensor digital lateral em ambos os membros posteriores, acompanhada de tratamento médico com a implementação de um plano de exercícios leves. A eficácia da cirurgia é ainda controversa, no entanto, neste caso foi evidente uma recuperação lenta e o exercício pareceu ser um fator fundamental. Conclusão: este relato de caso é, a nosso conhecimento, o primeiro compatível com harpejamento idiopático, mas devem ser realizados mais estudos para esclarecer a etiologia e patogenia do harpejamento no Cavalo Crioulo Colombiano.

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This is the first study to use fNIRS to explore anaesthetic depth and awakening during surgery with general anaesthesia. A 16 channel continuous wave (CW) functional near-infrared system (fNIRS) was used to monitor PFC activity. These outcomes were compared to BIS measures. The results indicate that deoxyHb concentration in the PFC varies during the suppression and emergence of consciousness. During suppression, deoxyHb levels increase, signalling the deactivation of the PFC, while during emergence, deoxyHb concentration drops, initiating PFC activation and the recovery of consciousness. Furthermore, BIS and deoxyHb concentrations in the PFC display a high negative correlation throughout the different anaesthetic phases. These findings suggest that deoxyHb could be a reliable marker for monitoring anaesthetic depth, and that the PFC intervenes in the suppression and emergence of consciousness.

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El término limitación de esfuerzos terapéuticos se refiere al hecho de no iniciar o retirar un tratamiento médico a un paciente (con o sin capacidad de decidir) que no se beneficia clínicamente de él. Lo que justifica este tipo de conducta es el sentido de desproporción entre los fines y los medios terapéuticos. Describir las actitudes, los conocimientos y las prácticas de profesionales del área de la salud que laboran en un hospital universitario. Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se les pidió a diferentes profesionales del área de la salud que realizan labores en dicho hospital que respondieran una encuesta sobre los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas que tienen frente a la limitación de esfuerzos terapéuticos en pacientes hospitalizados. 412 personas respondieron la encuesta. El 50% de los encuestados eran auxiliares de enfermería y 25% médicos. Solo el 14,6% conocía el significado de limitación de esfuerzos terapéuticos y el 62,4% de los médicos admitieron tener dificultad para tomar estas decisiones. No obstante la importancia y la polémica que este asunto plantea desde el punto de vista personal y profesional, es bajo el nivel de conocimiento que poseen los profesionales de la salud frente a este importante tema de la bioética. Se requiere mayor capacitación y sensibilización frente al tema.

Limitation of therapeutic efforts refers to the decision not to initiate or to withdraw medical treatment for a patient (with or without the ability to decide) who will not benefit clinically from it. What justifies this behavior is the sense of disproportion between the end and the therapeutic means. The purpose of this article is to describe the attitudes, knowledge and practices of health professionals working at a university hospital. A descriptive, transversal study was conducted in which a number of health professionals who work at the hospital in question were asked to complete a questionnaire on their knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning the limitation of therapeutic efforts for hospitalized patients. A total of 412 persons responded to the questionnaire, Fifty percent (50%) of those surveyed were nursing aids and 25% were physicians. Only 14.6% knew what "limitation of therapeutic efforts" means, and 62.4% of the physicians admitted having difficulty making such decisions. Despite the importance of this bioethical issue and the controversy it provokes from a personal and professional standpoint, health professionals know little about it. More training and awareness in this respect are needed.

A expressão limitação de esforços terapêuticos se refere ao fato de não iniciar ou retirar um tratamento médico a um paciente (com ou sem capacidade de decidir) que não se beneficia clinicamente dele. O que justifica esse tipo de conduta é o sentido de desproporção entre os fins e os meios terapêuticos. O objetivo do presente artigo é descrever as atitudes, os conhecimentos e as práticas de profissionais da área da saúde que trabalham em um hospital universitário. Consiste de um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, no qual foi pedido a diferentes profissionais da área de saúde que realizam trabalhos nesse hospital que respondessem a uma pesquisa sobre os conhecimentos, as atitudes e as práticas que eles têm diante da limitação de esforços terapêuticos em pacientes hospitalizados. Um total de 412 pessoas respondeu a pesquisa. 50% dos entrevistados eram auxiliares de enfermagem e 25%, médicos. Somente 14,6% conheciam o significado de limitação de esforços terapêuticos e 62,4% dos médicos admitiram ter dificuldade para tomar essas decisões. Contudo, a importância e a polêmica que esse assunto apresenta, sob o ponto de vista pessoal e profissional, é baixo o nível de conhecimento que os profissionais de saúde possuem ante esse importante tema da bioética. Requer-se maior capacitação e sensibilização sobre o tema.

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Objetivo: Mostrar que el uso del loop Presión esofágica (Pes) – Presión en vía aérea (Pao) con oclusión de la vía aérea al final de la espiración, llamado test de oclusión y el cual es el gold estándar para determinar el correcto posicionamiento de la sonda de presión esofágica, podría arrojar como resultado un falso positivo cuando esta es insertada de manera accidental en la vía aérea. Metodología: Reporte de caso, en 5 Adultos con trauma craneoencefálico sin compromiso pulmonar ni otro trauma o patología asociada de la Unidad de cuidados intensivos de trauma de un Hospital Universitario, en quienes se coloca un catéter de presión esofágica tipo balón para monitoreo de mecánica ventilatoria durante el proceso de liberación de la ventilación mecánica invasiva. Resultados: Una vez colocada la sonda de presión esofágica, se hacen gráficas de Pes–Tiempo, Pao–Tiempo y el loop Pes–Pao con oclusión espiratoria de la vía aérea. Se utiliza software de adquisición de datos Datalogger y ventilador Galileo Gold (Hamilton Medical, Rhãzüns, Suiza), con el desarrollo de una aplicación avanzada en Excel (Microsoft Office 2003) que permitió ordenar y graficar las variables monitorizadas. Conclusión: El test de oclusión (Loop Pes–Pao con oclusión de la vía aérea al final de la espiración) produce una gráfica con una pendiente de 45º cuando la sonda se encuentra correctamente ubicada en el esófago, siendo considerada esta la prueba gold estándar. Sin embargo, también puede obtenerse una gráfica de trazo similar si accidentalmente la sonda esofágica se introduce en la vía aérea, y el clínico no se percata de esta situación.

Objective: To show that the esophageal pressure (Pes) – airway pressure (Pao) loop, with airway occlusion at the end of expiration – known as the occlusion test and which is the gold standard to determine the proper placement of the esophageal pressure catheter, could yield false positive results when the catheter is accidentally inserted into the airway. Methodology: Case report of 5 Adults with cranioencephalic trauma and no pulmonary involvement or any other trauma or associated pathology from a trauma intensive care (ICU) unit of a University Hospital. Placement of an esophageal balloon catheter for monitoring mechanical ventilation at weaning off the invasive mechanical ventilation system, is done. Results: Once the esophageal catheter is placed, Pes–Time, Pao–Time and Pes–Pao loop charts are developed with airway expiratory occlusion...

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Using naturalistic stimuli, we assessed the ability to infer what other people are feeling in three groups of participants: healthy elderly adults, patients suffering from the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTD-b), and patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). After watching videotaped interviews of everyday people (nonactors) discussing an emotionally relevant event in their lives, participants answered questions regarding the interviewee's feelings. Both patient groups inferred emotions as accurately as the healthy elderly, provided the emotions were displayed unambiguously and consistently across the interview. However, when the displayed emotions became more variable and ambiguous, performance in both patient groups became impaired relative to healthy elderly participants. The similar profile across the two clinical groups despite their differences in social skills suggests that nonsocial cognitive processes affected in dementia may be an important factor in drawing inferences about other people's feelings.

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The ability to understand other people's behavior in terms of mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, is central to social interaction. It has been argued that the interpersonal problems of patients with behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTD-b) are due to a dysfunction of that system. We used first- and second-order false-belief tasks to assess theory-of-mind reasoning in a group of patients with FTD-b and a cognitively matched group of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both patient groups were equally impaired relative to a healthy elderly group in the cognitively demanding second-order false-belief tasks, revealing that cognitive demands are an important factor in false-belief task performance. Both patient groups reached ceiling performance in the first-order false-belief tasks with minimal cognitive demands, despite the striking difference in their social graces. These results suggest that a conceptual deficit in theory of mind-as measured by the false-belief task-is not at the core of the differences between FTD-b and AD.

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The cost of incongruent stimuli is reduced when conflict is expected. This series of experiments tested whether this improved performance is due to repetition priming or to enhanced cognitive control. Using a paradigm in which Word and Number Stroop alternated every trial, Experiment 1 assessed dynamic trial-to-trial changes. Incongruent trials led to task-specific reduction of conflict (trial n + 2) without cross-task modulation (trial n + 1), but this was fully explained by repetition priming. In contrast, an increased ratio of incongruent words did lead to sustained task-specific enhancement, above and beyond repetition priming (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 assessed the voluntary modulation of cognitive control: A cue predicted the congruency of the incoming trial, allowing participants to establish the correct mindset (Word Stroop in Experiment 3, Flanker task in Experiment 4). Preparing oneself to process an incongruent word (or flanker) enhanced conflict resolution in the subsequent Number Stroop, an example of cross-task modulation. Taken together, these experiments reveal the multifaceted aspects of conflict resolution: Trial-to-trial changes are often due to repetition priming; sustained modulations brought about by task demands are task specific; and voluntary modulations are task general.

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This study explored possible deficits in selective attention brought about by Dementia of Alzheimer Type (DAT). In three experiments, we tested patients with early DAT, healthy elderly, and young adults under low memory demands to assess perceptual filtering, conflict resolution, and set switching abilities. We found no evidence of impaired perceptual filtering nor evidence of impaired conflict resolution in early DAT. In contrast, early DAT patients did exhibit a global cost in set switching consistent with an inability to maintain the goals of the task (mental set). We discuss these findings in relation to the DAT literature on executive attention, dual-tasking, and working memory.

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