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BACKGROUND: Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment. Understanding natural history of tendinopathies is key for clinicians to make accurate prognostic predictions and design effective intervention studies. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the natural history of the main tendinopathies regarding pain and function and to compare outcomes between untreated individuals and those receiving treatment. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted until February 2023, across PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and Scopus databases. Selection criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a "wait-and-see" group and cohort studies with ≥3 months of follow-up reporting on pain and function-related outcomes. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) of "wait-and-see" groups were pooled using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk-of-Bias (RoB2), and quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. RESULTS: Six RCTs were included, encompassing 518 subjects with tendinopathy. Pooled results demonstrated significant pain (SMD = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.19-0.41) and physical function improvement (SMD = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.28-0.48). These estimates remained consistent regardless of age or follow-up duration. In rotator cuff tendinopathy, untreated individuals improved but did not fully recover at one year, with similar outcomes to other interventions (e.g., surgery). Subjects with lateral elbow, patellar and achilles tendinopathies when untreated, did not fully resolve symptoms within 12-16 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides limited conclusions about natural history of tendinopathies. Future studies should incorporate true no-intervention groups to accurately reflect tendinopathy's natural progression.

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Introducción La desnutrición y la sarcopenia se asocian al aumento del riesgo de eventos adversos y peor evolución en los pacientes hospitalizados. La ecografía constituye una herramienta de utilidad en la evaluación de la composición corporal. Pacientes y métodos Se reclutaron 23 pacientes ingresados en una planta de hospitalización. Se recogieron las variables ecográficas del tejido muscular y tejido adiposo, así como su variación durante el ingreso. Correlacionándose con datos antropométricos, clínicos y analíticos. Resultados Observamos una correlación de las mediciones ecográficas con la duración de la hospitalización (grasa preperitoneal máxima: −0,585, grosor del recto femoral [RF]: −0,539, área del RF: −0,540), la fragilidad (RF: −0,599) y la dependencia (RF: 0,628). La capacidad de contracción del RF se correlacionó con el ejercicio semanal reportado (0,642). Conclusión El grosor del RF y de la grasa preperitoneal se correlacionan con el número de días de ingreso y la capacidad funcional, erigiéndose como variables pronósticas (AU)

Introduction Malnutrition and sarcopenia are associated with increased risk of adverse events and worse outcome in hospitalised patients. Ultrasonography is a useful tool in the assessment of body composition. Patients and methods Twenty-three patients admitted to a hospital ward were recruited. Ultrasonographic variables of muscle tissue and adipose tissue were collected, as well as their variation during admission. These were correlated with anthropometric, clinical and analytical data. Results We observed a correlation of ultrasound measurements with length of hospitalisation (maximum preperitoneal fat −0.585, rectus femoris thickness [RF] −0.539, RF area −0.540), frailty (RF −0.599) and dependency (RF 0.628). RF contractile capacity correlated with reported weekly exercise (0.642). Conclusion RF and preperitoneal fat thickness correlate with the number of days of admission and functional capacity, emerging as prognostic variables (AU)

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Granular cell tumors (GrCT) are histologically unique neoplasms that often manifest as painless solitary nodules located in the dermis or submucosal tissue. In this article we analyze the radiologic features of this type of tumor in five patients by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), analyzing morphologic and signal characteristics. MR imaging findings were similar to other publications and we demonstrate low ADC values in our series.

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INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition and sarcopenia are associated with increased risk of adverse events and worse outcome in hospitalised patients. Ultrasonography is a useful tool in the assessment of body composition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients admitted to a hospital ward were recruited. Ultrasonographic variables of muscle tissue and adipose tissue were collected, as well as their variation during admission. These were correlated with anthropometric, clinical and analytical data. RESULTS: We observed a correlation of ultrasound measurements with length of hospitalisation (maximum preperitoneal fat -0.585, rectus femoris thickness - RF -0.539, RF area -0.540), frailty (RF -0.599) and dependency (RF 0.628). RF contractile capacity correlated with reported weekly exercise (0.642). CONCLUSION: RF and preperitoneal fat thickness correlate with the number of days of admission and functional capacity, emerging as prognostic variables.

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Exercise can reduce pain, however the effect of painful versus non-painful exercises is uncertain. The primary aim of this randomized crossover study was to compare the effect of painful versus nonpainful isometric shoulder exercises on pain intensity after exercise in individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. Secondary exploratory aims were to describe the effects on pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and muscle strength. On separate days, 35 individuals performed painful isometric shoulder exercises (external rotation; 20% above pain threshold), nonpainful isometric shoulder exercises (external rotation; 20% below pain threshold), and a rest condition, in randomised order. Shoulder pain intensity, PPTs, CPM, and external rotation strength were assessed before, immediately after and 45 minutes after conditions. No significant differences were observed between painful and nonpainful exercises. Visual analogue scale scores increased immediately after both painful and non-painful exercises compared with rest (P = .047, partial ƞ2 = .07), but were similar to preexercise levels after 45 minutes. No changes in PPTs, CPM, or muscle strength after exercises compared with rest were observed. Painful and non-painful isometric exercises caused a moderate but short-lasting increase in shoulder pain in individuals with RCRSP. Isometric exercises had no effect on pain sensitivity and shoulder muscle strength or CPM. PERSPECTIVE: This study evaluated for the first time in individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain the effects of painful versus non-painful isometric exercises on different pain-related outcome measures. Both painful and non-painful isometric exercises caused a moderate but relatively short-lasting increase in shoulder pain in individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. Trial registration number: (ClinicalTrials.gov) NCT03675399.

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BACKGROUND: Foot pain is a highly prevalent health problem for which measures such as a pattern of Pressure Discomfort Threshold of the foot plantar surface can provide valuable information for orthosis design. This study aimed to describe such pattern as a tool for the assessment of painful conditions of the feet and to analyse how it modifies according to age, gender and obesity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with participants allocated in: Group 1 people aged 20 to 35 years, Group 2 aged 50 to 65 years and Group 3 aged over 65. Pressure Discomfort Threshold on twelve points of the foot plantar surface was measured with an adapted manual dynamometer. Inferential analyses of the data were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) considering foot areas, age group, gender and obesity. FINDINGS: 36 participants were analysed. The pattern of Pressure Discomfort Threshold for all individuals showed a significantly higher threshold on the heel and external foot (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.124) and was statistical significantly influenced by age (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.17), especially in participants aged over 65; by gender, with women having higher values (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.13), and by obesity (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.19). INTERPRETATION: A Pressure Discomfort Threshold pattern exists in the foot plantar surface. The characteristics of the discomfort pattern of the foot and its association with aging, gender and obesity may have considerable implications for orthosis and footwear design.

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Inbreeding can depress individuals' fitness traits and reduce population viability. However, studies that directly translate inbreeding depression on fitness traits into consequences for population viability, and further, into consequences for management choices, are lacking. Here, we estimated impacts of inbreeding depression (B, lethal equivalents) across life-history stages for an extinct-in-the-wild species, the sihek (Guam kingfisher, Todiramphus cinnamominus). We then projected population growth under different management alternatives with our B estimates incorporated, as well as without inbreeding depression (B = 0) or with a conventional default B. We found that inbreeding depression severely impacted multiple life-history stages, and directly translated into an effect on population viability under management alternatives. Simulations including our B estimates indicated rapid population decline, whereas projections without inbreeding depression or with default B suggested very gradual population decline. Further, our results demonstrate that incorporation of B across life-history stages can influence management decisions, as projections with our B estimates suggested a need to switch to increased breeding management to avoid species extinction and support wild releases. Our results demonstrate that magnitude of B across life-history stages can translate into demographic consequences, such that incorporation of multiple life-stage B into population models can be important for informed conservation management decision-making.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-frequency self-administered vibration therapy into myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius and levator scapulae on patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with chronic non-specific neck pain were randomly assigned into a vibration group, receiving 10 self-applied sessions of vibration therapy in the upper trapezius and levator scapulae trigger points; or a control group, receiving no intervention. Self-reported neck pain and disability (Neck Disability Index) and pressure pain threshold were assessed at baseline and after the first, fifth and 10th treatment sessions. FINDINGS: Significant differences were found in the vibration group when compared to the control group after the treatment period: the vibration group reached lower Neck Disability Index scores (F = 4.74, P = .033, η2 = 0.07) and greater pressure pain threshold values (F = 7.56, P = .01, η2 = 0.10) than the control group. The vibration group reported a significant reduction in Neck Disability Index scores (χ2 = 19,35, P = .00, Kendall's W = 0.28) and an increase in pressure pain threshold (χ2 = 87,10, P = .00, Kendall's W = 0.73) between the assessment times over the course of the treatment. The mean increase in pressure pain threshold in the vibration group after the 10 sessions was 8.54 N/cm2, while the mean reduction in Neck Disability Index scores was 4.53 points. INTERPRETATION: Vibration therapy may be an effective intervention for reducing self-reported neck pain and disability and pressure pain sensitivity in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. This tool could be recommended for people with non-specific neck pain.

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BACKGROUND: Disrupted tactile acuity and poor laterality judgement have been shown in several chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. Whether they are impaired in people with frozen shoulder (FS) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is impairment in tactile acuity and laterality judgement in subjects with FS. METHODS: Thirty-eight subjects with idiopathic FS and 38 sex and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The two-point discrimination threshold (TPDT) over the affected and unaffected shoulder of patients with FS and shoulder of healthy controls was evaluated. In addition, all participants performed a left/right judgment task (LRJT). Independent and dependent t-tests were used to compare group means. Pearson-product moment coefficient correlations between pain intensity and duration and LRJT and TPDT were calculated for the FS group. RESULTS: The TPDT over the affected shoulder was significantly increased compared to the unaffected shoulder (mean difference, 3.82 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.53, 7.10; p = .02) and controls (mean difference, 5.80 mm; 95% CI: 1.09, 10.52; p = .02). Patients with FS were less accurate (mean difference, 5.90%; 95% CI: 0.36, 11.43; p = .03) and slower (mean difference, -0.26 s; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.45; p = .01) responding to images of their affected shoulder compared to their unaffected shoulder. No associations were found between pain intensity and duration and either TPDT or laterality judgement. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with FS demonstrated reduced tactile acuity and impaired laterality judgement over their affected shoulder compared to their unaffected shoulder. When compared to controls, subjects with FS showed reduced tactile acuity. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03320200.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral persistence in patients with spontaneous viral clearance is controversial. Several studies have shown HCV-RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and/or liver tissue among patients who have cleared the virus spontaneously, suggesting that viral persistence is a common situation that could involve the entire population studied. Thus, our aim was to evaluate HCV-RNA persistence in PBMCs and hepatocytes in subjects infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A total of 1508 patients were prospectively followed and tested for anti-HCV antibodies and HCV-RNA to identify the patients who achieved spontaneous viral clearance. In all of the patients, the persistence of HCV-RNA in PBMCs was evaluated longitudinally during 2 years of follow-up. Fifty-nine patients fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were included in the study. HCV-RNA was not detected in the PBMCs at baseline [59 PBMCs samples tested; 0 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0-3.3 %] or during the follow-up (147 PBMCs samples tested; 0 %; 95 % CI: 0-2.02 %). Our study shows that HCV viral persistence is not a frequent occurrence in HIV-infected patients who have spontaneously resolved an HCV infection. Thus, the lack of serum HCV-RNA should continue to be addressed as the standard of healing.

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BACKGROUND: Apart from the cranio-cervical flexion test and the deep neck flexor endurance test, evidence related to reliability of cervical movement control dysfunction tests is lacking. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the inter- and intra-tester reliability of a battery of cervical movement control dysfunction tests and the effect of clinician experience on reliability in 15 patients with chronic neck pain and 17 non-neck pain controls. In addition, it explored whether impaired performance on this battery of tests was more frequently observed in the neck pain group. DESIGN: Inter and intra-tester reliability study. METHOD: Participants were videotaped while performing a battery of nine active cervical movement control dysfunction tests. Two physiotherapists, with different levels of experience, independently rated all tests on two occasions two weeks apart. They were masked to participants' neck pain or non-neck pain status. RESULTS: Inter-tester reliability for the complete battery of tests was substantial (κ = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.76). Intra-rater reliability values for the expert (κ = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.92) and novice (κ = 0.76; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.68, 0.84) were overall comparable suggesting that novices can achieve good accuracy with the battery of tests if trained. The frequency of impaired performances in cervical movement control dysfunction tests was low and comparable between groups. Only two tests achieved a greater number of impaired ratings in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Although reliable, further research in larger neck pain populations is required to explore this battery of tests, in order to establish their diagnostic accuracy for identifying clinically relevant cervical movement control dysfunction.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of country socioeconomic status and hospital type on device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAIs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). METHODS: Data were collected on DA-HAIs from September 2003 to February 2010 on 13,251 patients in 30 NICUs in 15 countries. DA-HAIs were defined using criteria formulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Country socioeconomic status was defined using World Bank criteria. RESULTS: Central-line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI) rates in NICU patients were significantly lower in private than academic hospitals (10.8 vs. 14.3 CLA-BSI per 1,000 catheter-days; p < 0.03), but not different in public and academic hospitals (14.6 vs. 14.3 CLA-BSI per 1,000 catheter-days; p = 0.86). NICU patient CLA-BSI rates were significantly higher in low-income countries than in lower-middle-income countries or upper-middle-income countries [37.0 vs. 11.9 (p < 0.02) vs. 17.6 (p < 0.05) CLA-BSIs per 1,000 catheter-days, respectively]. Ventilator-associated-pneumonia (VAP) rates in NICU patients were significantly higher in academic hospitals than in private or public hospitals [13.2 vs. 2.4 (p < 0.001) vs. 4.9 (p < 0.001) VAPs per 1,000 ventilator days, respectively]. Lower-middle-income countries had significantly higher VAP rates than low-income countries (11.8 vs. 3.8 per 1,000 ventilator-days; p < 0.001), but VAP rates were not different in low-income countries and upper-middle-income countries (3.8 vs. 6.7 per 1,000 ventilator-days; p = 0.57). When examined by hospital type, overall crude mortality for NICU patients without DA-HAIs was significantly higher in academic and public hospitals than in private hospitals (5.8 vs. 12.5%; p < 0.001). In contrast, NICU patient mortality among those with DA-HAIs was not different regardless of hospital type or country socioeconomic level. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital type and country socioeconomic level influence DA-HAI rates and overall mortality in developing countries.

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La importancia de los cultivos celulares humanos continúa expandiéndose, en especial en el campo de la bioingeniería de tejidos. Con el fin de establecer mejores criterios de selección en la obtención de tejido renal postmortem, se estudiaron 111 neonatos de menos de 3 días de edad, fallecidos en la sala de Cuidados Intensivos del Recién Nacido y 22 mortinatos de la sala de partos del Hospital Universitario del Valle en Cali, Colombia, entre enero 1 y diciembre 31 de 1995. Se consideraron los antecedentes maternos y fetales, en busca de variables que determinen una mejor viabilidad celular renal postmortem. Además, se hizo un estudio del estado microbiológico de los neonatos postmortem y de los mortinatos mediante el examen de sangre y células para conocer la incidencia en estos de infecciones bacterianas y virales. De los 133 casos estudiados, 115 fueron de bajo peso al nacer y los 18 restantes fueron de peso adecuado al nacer. De 13 clases de diagnóstico registrados como antecedentes maternos, los seis más frecuentes fueron: ruptura prematura de membranas, pre-eclampsia / eclampsia, corioamnionitis, infección urinaria, placenta previa y vaginitis. De los ocho diagnósticos registrados en los neonatos, los dos más frecuentes fueron el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria y la enfermedad de membrana hialina.

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