RESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Gastric cancer is one of the main health issues in Lithuania. The risk factors of the disease are related to nutrition and environment. There were no epidemiological studies on this subject in the country. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between risk of gastric cancer and consumption of salt and salt-preserved food. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A hospital based case-control study included 379 cases with newly histologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric cancer and 1,137 controls that were cancer and gastric diseases free. Cases and controls matched by gender and age (+/-5 years). Ratio of cases and controls was 1:3. A questionnaire was used to collect information on possible risk factors of gastric cancer. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for gastric cancer were calculated by a conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Cases had significantly lower education level and mostly resided in villages. After adjustments for other dietary habits and smoking, alcohol consumption, family history on cancer, education level, and residence, higher risk of gastric cancer was found for those using salt additionally to prepared meal or those who liked salty food. After controlling for other food items that were associated with gastric cancer and smoking, alcohol consumption, family history on cancer, education level, and residence, body mass index at 20 years of age, and physical activity, intake of salted meat (OR=1.85, 95% CI=1.12-3.04, 1-3 times/month vs. almost never; OR=2.21, 95% CI=1.43-3.42, > or =1-2 times/week vs. almost never), smoked meat (OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.23-2.60, > or =3-4 times/week vs. < or =1-2 times/week), smoked fish (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.13-2.53, > or =1-2 times/week vs. < or =1-3 times/month) was significantly associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Consumption of salted mushrooms was found to increase the risk of gastric cancer, however, this increase was not statistically significant. In conclusion, higher risk of gastric cancer is found for people that like salty food, salt-preserved meat as well as fish.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/efectos adversos , Cloruro de Sodio/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Intervalos de Confianza , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Estado Civil , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de Riesgo , Población Rural , Factores Sexuales , Fumar/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Stomach cancer is the second common cause of death in Lithuania and most countries of the world. Nevertheless, there were no reports of epidemiological studies on stomach cancer in Lithuania. Therefore, a hospital-based case-control study has been carried out in order to assess the associations between vegetables and fruits and risk of stomach cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hospital-based case-control study included 379 cases with newly histologically confirmed diagnose of stomach cancer and 1137 controls that were free of cancer and stomach diseases. Cases and controls were matched by gender and age (+/-5 yr). Information on demographic variables, family history on cancer, life-style habits, such as diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity was collected by a questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on cancer, education level and residence, stomach cancer risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). Protective effect has been observed for intake of broccoli (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.28-0.98; 1-4 times/week vs. < or =1-3 times/month). There were no statistically significant associations between stomach cancer risk and consumption of citrus or others fruits. In conclusion, higher consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, garlic as well as broccoli may decrease a risk of stomach cancer, whereas intake of citrus fruits has no relation with a reduced risk of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Frutas , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/prevención & control , Verduras , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Educación , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Lituania/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de Riesgo , Población Rural , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Many studies support the impact of long-term exposure to air pollution on respiratory and allergic symptoms and illnesses. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of respiratory and allergic symptoms and illnesses in children living in 4 districts of Kaunas, to estimate the indices of respiratory function and to assess the relationship between mentioned indices and air pollutants such as dust, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. A cross-sectional survey included 840 Kaunas children (34 subjects in Senamiestis, 288 in Zaliakalnis, 128 in Petrasiunai and 390 in Silainiai) aged 6-7 years, whose parents filled out the questionnaire and children performed respiratory function test. Response rate varied from 58.6 percent to 69.2 percents depending on district. Questionnaire of International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) was used. The parameters of respiratory function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MEF25, MEF50, MEF75, PEF) were measured with Pony Graphics 3.5. The data showed that prevalence of respiratory and allergic symptoms and illnesses in children living in 4 districts of Kaunas did not differ significantly. In most of the cases it was similar to that found in Riga and Tallinn. There is a significant relationship between MEF25, MEF50, MEF75, PEF and sex as well as gas for cooking.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Asma/epidemiología , Conjuntivitis Alérgica/epidemiología , Trastornos Respiratorios/epidemiología , Rinitis Alérgica Estacional/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Lituania/epidemiología , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversosRESUMEN
In Lithuania, the mortality rate is constantly increasing. However, regional differences of mortality rates in a large industrial town were unexplored. The study was carried out in Kaunas, second biggest town of Lithuania with a well-developed industry, as well as high atmospheric air pollution. Harmful effects of the regional environmental complex (dustiness, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen dioxides) were evaluated by summarized pollution index. Causes of death were taken from certificates of death for 1992-1997. In the study, the 9th revision of International Classification of Diseases and the European age standard were used. Mortality was studied in three microdistricts with threefold differences in levels of air pollution. The age-adjusted death rate (SMR) from all causes in a relatively clean microdistrict--D3 (SMR = 1720.5 +/- 60.4) is higher than the same indicator of microdistricts with developed industry--D1 (SMR = 1446.5 +/- 102.1) or heavy traffic--D2 (SMR = 1402.7 +/- 86.2). In terms of cause-specific mortalities, there is a prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. The SMR from circulatory system disorders (ICD-9 390-459) in D3 is equal 562 +/- 56.1, compared to D2--509.7 +/- 63.9 and D1--479.7 +/- 79.2. Neoplasms (ICD-9 140-239) are ranked second in the list of causes of deaths. They account for 244.8 +/- 32.0 per 100,000 population in D3, 184.4 +/- 40.8 in D2 and 221.1 +/- 47.6 in D1, respectively. The overall mortality of the population did not relate to the levels of outdoor pollution. Circulatory disorders and neoplasms are the main cause of death. In a polluted micro district risk of death for a young person is higher, irrespective of accidents, injuries and poisonings.