RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the household secondary infection risk (SIR) of B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and non-Alpha lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among children. STUDY DESIGN: During January to April 2021, we prospectively followed households with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We collected questionnaires, serial nasopharyngeal swabs for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing and whole genome sequencing, and serial blood samples for serology testing. We calculated SIRs by primary case age (pediatric vs adult), household contact age, and viral lineage. We evaluated risk factors associated with transmission and described symptom profiles among children. RESULTS: Among 36 households with pediatric primary cases, 21 (58%) had secondary infections. Among 91 households with adult primary cases, 51 (56%) had secondary infections. SIRs among pediatric and adult primary cases were 45% and 54%, respectively (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.41-1.54). SIRs among pediatric primary cases with Alpha and non-Alpha lineage were 55% and 46%, respectively (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.51-4.53). SIRs among pediatric and adult household contacts were 55% and 49%, respectively (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.68-1.50). Among pediatric contacts, no significant differences in the odds of acquiring infection by demographic or household characteristics were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from children and adult primary cases to household members was frequent. The risk of secondary infection was similar among child and adult household contacts. Among children, household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of secondary infection was not influenced by lineage. Continued mitigation strategies (eg, masking, physical distancing, vaccination) are needed to protect at-risk groups regardless of virus lineage circulating in communities.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiología , California , Niño , Colorado/epidemiología , HumanosAsunto(s)
Virus de la Hepatitis E/patogenicidad , Hepatitis E/epidemiología , Trasplante de Riñón , Infecciones Oportunistas/epidemiología , Anticuerpos Antihepatitis/sangre , Hepatitis E/diagnóstico , Hepatitis E/inmunología , Hepatitis E/virología , Virus de la Hepatitis E/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis E/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Infecciones Oportunistas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Oportunistas/inmunología , Infecciones Oportunistas/virología , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Viral/genética , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Little is known about the characteristics of acute viral hepatitis cases in the United States (US)-Mexico border region. We analyzed characteristics of acute viral hepatitis cases collected from the Border Infectious Disease Surveillance Project from January 2000-December 2009. Over the study period, 1,437 acute hepatitis A, 311 acute hepatitis B, and 362 acute hepatitis C cases were reported from 5 Mexico and 2 US sites. Mexican hepatitis A cases most frequently reported close personal contact with a known case, whereas, US cases most often reported cross-border travel. Injection drug use was common among Mexican and US acute hepatitis B and C cases. Cross-border travel during the incubation period was common among acute viral hepatitis cases in both countries. Assiduous adherence to vaccination and prevention guidelines in the US is needed and strategic implementation of hepatitis vaccination and prevention programs south of the border should be considered.