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6.
Leukemia ; 27(5): 1155-64, 2013 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23295736

RESUMEN

Genetic heterogeneity is common in tumors, explicable by the development of subclones with distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations. We describe an in vitro model for cancer heterogeneity, comprising the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line U-2932 which expresses two sets of cell surface markers representing twin populations flow-sorted by CD20 vs CD38 expression. U-2932 populations were traced to subclones of the original tumor with clone-specific immunoglobulin IgVH4-39 hypermutation patterns. BCL6 was overexpressed in one subpopulation (R1), MYC in the other (R2), both clones overexpressed BCL2. According to the combined results of immunoglobulin hypermutation and cytogenetic analysis, R1 and R2 derive from a mother clone with genomic BCL2 amplification, which acquired secondary rearrangements leading to the overexpression of BCL6 (R1) or MYC (R2). Some 200 genes were differentially expressed in R1/R2 microarrays including transcriptional targets of the aberrantly expressed oncogenes. Other genes were regulated by epigenetic means as shown by DNA methylation analysis. Ectopic expression of BCL6 in R2 variously modulated new candidate target genes, confirming dual silencing and activating functions. In summary, stable retention of genetically distinct subclones in U-2932 models tumor heterogeneity in vitro permitting functional analysis of oncogenes against a syngenic background.


Asunto(s)
Evolución Clonal , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/genética , ADP-Ribosil Ciclasa 1/análisis , Antígenos CD20/análisis , Secuencia de Bases , Línea Celular Tumoral , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Epigénesis Genética , Genes bcl-2 , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/inmunología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Oncogenes , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-6 , Receptores CXCR4/genética , Hipermutación Somática de Inmunoglobulina , Transcriptoma
13.
Leukemia ; 22(12): 2169-75, 2008 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18769447

RESUMEN

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)V617F-activating mutations (JAK2mu) occur in myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). Cell lines MB-02, MUTZ-8, SET-2 and UKE-1 carry JAK2V617F and derive from patients with MPD/MDS histories. Challenging the consensus that expression of JAK2V617F is the sole precondition for cytokine independence in class I cytokine receptor-positive cells, two of four of the JAK2mu cell lines were growth factor-dependent. These cell lines resembled JAK2wt cells regarding JAK2/STAT5 activation: cytokine deprivation effected dephosphorylation, whereas erythropoetin or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5. Cytokine independence correlated with low expression and cytokine dependence with high expression of the JAK/STAT pathway inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) suggesting a two-step mechanism for cytokine independence of MPD cells: (i) activation of the oncogene JAK2V617F and (ii) inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene SOCS2. Confirming that SOCS2 operates as a negative JAK2V617F regulator, SOCS2 knockdown induced constitutive STAT5 phosphorylation in JAK2mu cells. CpG island hypermethylation is reported to promote SOCS gene silencing in malignant diseases. Accordingly, in one of two cytokine-independent cell lines and in two of seven MPD patients, we found SOCS2 hypermethylation associated with reduced promoter access to transcription factors. Our results provide solid evidence that SOCS2 epigenetic downregulation might be an important second step in the genesis of cytokine-independent MPD clones.


Asunto(s)
Janus Quinasa 2/genética , Janus Quinasa 2/metabolismo , Trastornos Mieloproliferativos/genética , Trastornos Mieloproliferativos/metabolismo , Proteínas Supresoras de la Señalización de Citocinas/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de la Señalización de Citocinas/metabolismo , Apoptosis/fisiología , División Celular/fisiología , Línea Celular , Enfermedad Crónica , Citocinas/metabolismo , Epigénesis Genética/fisiología , Regulación Leucémica de la Expresión Génica , Silenciador del Gen/fisiología , Humanos , Metilación , Trastornos Mieloproliferativos/patología , Fosforilación , Mutación Puntual , Factor de Transcripción STAT5/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología
14.
Leukemia ; 22(3): 600-7, 2008 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18079734

RESUMEN

In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) the cardiac homeobox gene NKX2-5 (at 5q35) is variously deregulated by regulatory elements coordinating with BCL11B (at 14q32.2), or the T-cell receptor gene TRD (at 14q11.2), respectively. NKX2-5 is normally expressed in developing spleen and heart, regulating fundamental processes, including differentiation and survival. In this study we investigated whether NKX2-5 expression in T-ALL cell lines reactivates these embryonal pathways contributing to leukemogenesis. Among 18 known targets analyzed, we identified three genes regulated by NKX2-5 in T-ALL cells, including myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C). Knockdown and overexpression assays confirmed MEF2C activation by NKX2-5 at both the RNA and protein levels. Direct interactions between NKX2-5 and GATA3 as indicated by co-immunoprecipitation data may contribute to MEF2C regulation. In T-ALL cell lines LOUCY and RPMI-8402 MEF2C expression was correlated with a 5q14 deletion, encompassing noncoding proximal gene regions. Fusion constructs with green fluorescent protein permitted subcellular detection of MEF2C protein in nuclear speckles interpretable as repression complexes. MEF2C consistently inhibits expression of NR4A1/NUR77, which regulates apoptosis via BCL2 transformation. Taken together, our data identify distinct mechanisms underlying ectopic MEF2C expression in T-ALL, either as a downstream target of NKX2-5, or via chromosomal aberrations deleting proximal gene regions.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión al ADN/fisiología , Regulación Leucémica de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Homeodominio/fisiología , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T del Adulto/patología , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/fisiología , Factores Reguladores Miogénicos/fisiología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/fisiología , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/fisiología , Receptores de Esteroides/fisiología , Factores de Transcripción/fisiología , Apoptosis/genética , Apoptosis/fisiología , Línea Celular Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral/metabolismo , Deleción Cromosómica , Cromosomas Humanos Par 5/genética , Cromosomas Humanos Par 5/ultraestructura , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/análisis , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Silenciador del Gen , Genes Homeobox , Proteína Homeótica Nkx-2.5 , Proteínas de Homeodominio/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Humanos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T del Adulto/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T del Adulto/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción MEF2 , Co-Represor 2 de Receptor Nuclear , Miembro 1 del Grupo A de la Subfamilia 4 de Receptores Nucleares , Proteínas Represoras/análisis , Factores de Transcripción/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción/genética
15.
Leukemia ; 22(2): 387-92, 2008 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17989712

RESUMEN

Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in hematopoietic tumors target genes involved in pathogenesis. Their identification and functional characterization are therefore important for the establishment of rational therapies. Here, we investigated genomic amplification at 7q22 in the T-cell lymphoma cell line SU-DHL-1 belonging to the subtype of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). Cytogenetic analysis mapped this amplicon to 86-95 Mb. Copy-number determination quantified the amplification level at 5- to 6-fold. Expression analysis of genes located within this region identified cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) as a potential amplification target. In comparison with control cell lines, SU-DHL-1 expressed considerably higher levels of CDK6. Functionally, SU-DHL-1 cells exhibited reduced sensitivity to rapamycin treatment, as indicated by cell growth and cell cycle analysis. Rapamycin reportedly inhibits degradation of the CDK inhibitor p27 with concomitant downregulation of cyclin D3, implying a proliferative advantage for CDK6 overexpression. Amplification of the CDK6 locus was analyzed in primary T-cell lymphoma samples and, while detected infrequently in those classified as ALCL (1%), was detected in 23% of peripheral T-cell lymphomas not otherwise specified. Taken together, analysis of the 7q22 amplicon identified CDK6 as an important cell cycle regulator in T-cell lymphomas, representing a novel potential target for rational therapy.


Asunto(s)
Cromosomas Humanos Par 7 , Quinasa 6 Dependiente de la Ciclina/genética , Dosificación de Gen , Linfoma de Células T/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Análisis Citogenético , Resistencia a Medicamentos/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/enzimología , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/genética , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/patología , Linfoma de Células T/enzimología , Linfoma de Células T/patología , Linfoma de Células T Periférico/enzimología , Linfoma de Células T Periférico/genética , Linfoma de Células T Periférico/patología , Sirolimus/farmacología , Células Tumorales Cultivadas
19.
Leukemia ; 20(3): 471-6, 2006 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16408098

RESUMEN

A mutation in the JH2 pseudokinase domain of the Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2 V617F) has been described in chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). We screened 79 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and found five positive for JAK2 V617F (HEL, MB-02, MUTZ-8, SET-2, UKE-1), 4/5 with histories of MPD/MDS. While SET-2 expressed both mutant (mu) and wild-type (wt) JAK2, remaining positives carried homo-/hemizygous JAK2 mutations. Microsatellite analysis confirmed losses of heterozygosity (LOH) affecting the JAK2 region on chromosome 9p in MB-02, MUTZ-8 and UKE-1, but also in HEL, the only JAK2mu cell line lacking any reported MPD/MDS history. All five JAK2mu cell lines displayed cytogenetic hallmarks of MDS, namely losses of 5q or 7q, remarkably in 4/5 cases affecting both chromosomes. Our combined FISH and microsatellite analysis uncovered a novel mechanism to supplement mitotic recombination previously proposed to explain JAK2 LOH, namely chromosome deletion with/without selective JAK2mu amplification. Confirming the importance of the mutated JAK2 protein for growth and prevention of apoptosis, JAK2mu cell lines displayed higher sensitivities to JAK2 inhibition than JAK2wt cell lines. In summary, JAK2 V617F cell lines, derived from patients with history of MPD/MDS, represent novel research tools for elucidating the pathobiology of this JAK2 mutation.


Asunto(s)
Mutación , Trastornos Mieloproliferativos/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Línea Celular , Cromosomas Humanos Par 9 , Cartilla de ADN , Humanos , Janus Quinasa 2 , Pérdida de Heterocigocidad , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/antagonistas & inhibidores
20.
Leukemia ; 19(10): 1760-7, 2005 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16079892

RESUMEN

We recently identified a new acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtype characterized by mutations at exon-12 of the nucleophosmin (NPM) gene and aberrant cytoplasmic expression of NPM protein (NPMc+). NPMc+ AML accounts for about 35% of adult AML and it is associated with normal karyotype, wide morphological spectrum, CD34-negativity, high frequency of FLT3-ITD mutations and good response to induction therapy. In an attempt to identify a human cell line to serve as a model for the in vitro study of NPMc+ AML, we screened 79 myeloid cell lines for mutations at exon-12 of NPM. One of these cell lines, OCI/AML3, showed a TCTG duplication at exon-12 of NPM. This mutation corresponds to the type A, the NPM mutation most frequently observed in primary NPMc+ AML. OCI/AML3 cells also displayed typical phenotypic features of NPMc+ AML, that is, expression of macrophage markers and lack of CD34, and the immunocytochemical hallmark of this leukemia subtype, that is, the aberrant cytoplasmic expression of NPM. The OCI/AML3 cell line easily engrafts in NOD/SCID mice and maintains in the animals the typical features of NPMc+ AML, such as the NPM cytoplasmic expression. For all these reasons, the OCI/AML3 cell line represents a remarkable tool for biomolecular studies of NPMc+ AML.


Asunto(s)
Exones/genética , Regulación Leucémica de la Expresión Génica , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/genética , Mutación/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Animales , Antígenos CD34/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Humanos , Cariotipificación , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Ratones SCID , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Nucleofosmina
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