RESUMEN
Due to variations in the production levels, a full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for post-treatment of tannery wastewater was exposed to low and high ammonia load periods. In order to study how these changes affected the N-removal capacity, the microbiology of the reactor was studied by a diverse set of techniques including molecular tools, activity tests, and microbial counts in samples taken along 3 years. The recover capacity of the biomass was also studied in a lab-scale reactor operated with intermittent aeration without feeding for 36 days. The results showed that changes in the feeding negatively affected the nitrifying community, but the nitrogen removal efficiencies could be restored after the concentration stress. Species substitution was observed within the nitrifying bacteria, Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter predominated initially, and after an ammonia overload period, Nitrosomonas nitrosa and Nitrospira became dominant. Some denitrifiers, with nirS related to Alicycliphilus, Azospirillum, and Marinobacter nirS, persisted during long-term reactor operation, but the community fluctuated both in composition and in abundance. This fluctuating community may better resist the continuous changes in the feeding regime. Our results showed that a nitrifying-denitrifying SBR could be operated with low loads or even without feeding during production shut down periods.
Asunto(s)
Biomasa , Reactores Biológicos/microbiología , Amoníaco/metabolismo , Azospirillum/citología , Azospirillum/fisiología , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Marinobacter/citología , Marinobacter/fisiología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nitrobacter/citología , Nitrobacter/fisiología , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Nitrosomonas/citología , Nitrosomonas/fisiología , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Especificidad de la Especie , Purificación del AguaRESUMEN
New heteroallyl-containing 5-nitrofuranes were synthesized as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents with a dual mechanism of action, oxidative stress and inhibition of membrane sterol biosynthesis. Some of the derivatives were found to have high and selective activity against the proliferative stages of the parasite, with IC(50) values against the clinically relevant intracellular amastigote forms in the low micromolar to sub-micromolar range. Oxidative stress was verified measuring cyanide dependent respiration. Inhibition of the de novo sterol biosynthesis at the level of squalene epoxidase was confirmed, using high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, by the disappearance of the parasite's mature sterols and the concomitant accumulation of squalene. The in vitro activities of these novel compounds were superior to that of nifurtimox, a nitrofuran currently used in the treatment of human Chagas' disease, and terbinafine, a commercially available allylamine-based squalene epoxidase inhibitor. The results support further in vivo studies of some of these nitrofuran derivatives.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios/química , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Nitrofuranos/síntesis química , Trypanosoma cruzi/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Nitrofuranos/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo , Escualeno/análisis , Escualeno-Monooxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Esteroles/análisis , Esteroles/biosíntesis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolismoRESUMEN
As a contribution to the development of novel vanadium complexes with pharmacologically interesting moieties, new dioxovanadium(V) semicarbazone complexes with the formula cis-VO(2)L, where L=5-bromosalicylaldehyde semicarbazone and 2-hydroxynaphtalen-1-carboxaldehyde semicarbazone have been synthesized and characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. Results were compared with those previously reported for other three analogous complexes of this series. The five complexes were tested in three different human tumor cell lines for bioactivity as potential anti-tumor agents, showing selective cytotoxicity on TK-10 cell line. Results showed that structural modifications on the semicarbazone moiety could have a significant effect on the anti-tumor activity of the vanadium complexes. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of all the complexes was studied. No apparent correlation could be demonstrated between reduction potentials of the complexes and their anti-tumor activities. The molecular structure of the novel [V(V)O(2)(5-bromosalicylaldehyde semicarbazone)] complex was solved by X-ray diffraction methods. The vanadium atom shows a distorted square pyramidal coordination sphere. The (VO(2))(+) cation is coordinated to a nearly planar (L)(-) anion acting as a tridentate ligand through both oxygen and one nitrogen atoms.