RESUMEN
The citrus crop is one of the most important culture worldwide, being Brazil the world highest producer of sweet oranges. The challenge for this culture is the constant attack by several pathogens that cause economically losses. Among the fungal diseases the post-bloom fruit drop causes dramatically losses in production, characterized by damages in the blossoms that causes fruit infeasibility and early drop, one of the causal agent is Colletotrichum abscissum. The pathogen control is based in chemical applications, irrespective of crops and fungicides used, development of fungicide-resistant pathogen populations is a problem in agriculture. New technologies are being applied every year to better understand the pathogens biology, which can contribute to plant diseases control as an alternative to chemical compounds. The RNA interference emerged as a potential technology for gene function studies as well as an approach for pathogens control. The fungicides compounds have action in different targets, such as the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which plays a hole in cell respiration. Therefore, here we investigate the functionality of the RNAi machinery of C. abscissum and test genetically whether the chemically pre-defined fungal SDH target may represent a promising target gene in RNAi based control strategies. The C. abscissum RNAi machinery was functionally proven by silencing of gene report. Then, the silencing of SDH subunits were induced and verified. In addition, the C. abscissum mutants generated for this study made possible the fungus infection process investigation. Furthermore, knockdown mutants of succinate dehydrogenase subunits genes resulted in morphological and significant pathogenicity changes. Thus, in conclusion, we suggest that the RNA interference is an important tool that can be exploited to post bloom fruit drop disease control and also the chemical fungicide target are still useful in the new technologies control strategies.
Asunto(s)
Citrus , Colletotrichum , Fungicidas Industriales , Citrus/microbiología , Frutas/microbiología , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Interferencia de ARN , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Ácido SuccínicoRESUMEN
The objective is to evaluate the fire foci dynamics via environmental satellites and their relationship with socioenvironmental factors and meteorological systems in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Data considered the period between 2000 and 2017 and was obtained from CPTEC/INPE. Annual and monthly analyzes were performed based on descriptive, exploratory (boxplot) and multivariate statistics analyzes (cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA)) and Poisson regression models (based on 2000 and 2010 census data). CA based on the Ward method identified five fire foci homogeneous groups (G1 to G5), while Coruripe did not classify within any group (NA); therefore, the CA technique was consistent (CCC = 0.772). Group G1 is found in all regions of Alagoas, while G2, G5, and NA groups are found in Baixo São Francisco, Litoral, and Zona da Mata regions. Most fire foci were observed in the Litoral region. Seasonally, the largest records were from October to December months for all groups, influenced by the sugarcane harvesting period. The G4 group and Coruripe accounted for 60,767 foci (32.1%). The highest number of fire foci occurred in 2012 and 2015 (between 8000 and 9000 foci), caused by the action of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. The Poisson regression showed that the dynamics of fire foci are directly associated with the Gini index and Human Development Index (models 1 and 3). Based on the PCA, the three components captured 78.8% of the total variance explained, and they were strongly influenced by the variables: population, GDP, and demographic density. The municipality of Maceió has the largest contribution from the fire foci, with values higher than 40%, and in PC1 and PC2 are related to urban densification and population growth.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente , Incendios , Brasil , Ciudades , El Niño Oscilación del Sur , HumanosRESUMEN
Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a rare infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 13 or 32 believed to infect exclusively oral mucosa. This report illustrates a case of multiple conjunctival papillomas similar to oral FEH caused by HPV-13, consisting in the first description of its infection outside the oral mucosa in a healthy patient.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de la Conjuntiva/virología , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperplasia/virología , Papiloma/patología , Papiloma/virología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/patología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A cross-sectional study on the oral mucosal conditions among the Waimiri Atroari Indians from central Amazonia, Brazil, has been conducted. These Indians keep their traditional way of life and are free from habits such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and use of pacifiers. METHODS: Clinical examinations of a representative, randomly selected sample of patients during routine dental treatment, following ethical procedures recommended by Brazilian laws were made. RESULTS: Out of 922 individuals, 587 were examined, among which 52.57% of the children up to 12 years old and 73.44% of patients aged 13 years or older presented at least one oral mucosal condition. The conditions more frequently observed were, in decreasing order of prevalence: fissured tongue, focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH), lesions of traumatic origin, geographic tongue, Fordyce's spots, and candidiasis. Only one case of leukoplakia was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Conditions observed among theses Indians were essentially the same that have been described in other populations around the world, except for FEH, which, as a characteristic lesion of Indians, had high prevalence (20.95%). The lesions observed were related to the way of life of this specific population.