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1.
J Anim Ecol ; 80(4): 896-903, 2011 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21644976

RESUMEN

1. Much of the current understanding of ecological systems is based on theory that does not explicitly take into account individual variation within natural populations. However, individuals may show substantial variation in resource use. This variation in turn may be translated into topological properties of networks that depict interactions among individuals and the food resources they consume (individual-resource networks). 2. Different models derived from optimal diet theory (ODT) predict highly distinct patterns of trophic interactions at the individual level that should translate into distinct network topologies. As a consequence, individual-resource networks can be useful tools in revealing the incidence of different patterns of resource use by individuals and suggesting their mechanistic basis. 3. In the present study, using data from several dietary studies, we assembled individual-resource networks of 10 vertebrate species, previously reported to show interindividual diet variation, and used a network-based approach to investigate their structure. 4. We found significant nestedness, but no modularity, in all empirical networks, indicating that (i) these populations are composed of both opportunistic and selective individuals and (ii) the diets of the latter are ordered as predictable subsets of the diets of the more opportunistic individuals. 5. Nested patterns are a common feature of species networks, and our results extend its generality to trophic interactions at the individual level. This pattern is consistent with a recently proposed ODT model, in which individuals show similar rank preferences but differ in their acceptance rate for alternative resources. Our findings therefore suggest a common mechanism underlying interindividual variation in resource use in disparate taxa.


Asunto(s)
Anuros/fisiología , Dieta , Cadena Alimentaria , Lagartos/fisiología , Zarigüeyas/fisiología , Animales , Brasil , Ecosistema , Modelos Biológicos
2.
J Evol Biol ; 24(8): 1826-35, 2011 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21615587

RESUMEN

One of the central topics in evolutionary biology is understanding the processes responsible for phenotypic diversification related to ecological factors. New World monkeys are an excellent reference system to investigate processes of diversification at macroevolutionary scales. Here, we investigate the cranial shape diversification related to body size and ecology during the phylogenetic branching process of platyrrhines. To investigate this diversification, we used geometric morphometric techniques, a molecular phylogenetic tree, ecological data and phylogenetic comparative methods. Our statistical analyses demonstrated that the phylogenetic branching process is the most important dimension to understand cranial shape variation among extant platyrrhines and suggested that the main shape divergence among the four principal platyrrhine clades probably occurred during the initial branching process. The phylogenetic conservatism, which is the retention of ancestral traits over time within the four principal platyrrhine clades, could be the most important characteristic of platyrrhine cranial shape diversification. Different factors might have driven early shape divergence and posterior relative conservatism, including genetic drift, stabilizing selection, genetic constraints owing to pleiotropy, developmental or functional constraint, lack of genetic variation, among others. Understanding the processes driving the diversification among platyrrhines will probably require further palaeontological, phylogenetic and comparative studies.


Asunto(s)
Filogenia , Platirrinos/anatomía & histología , Cráneo/anatomía & histología , Animales , Teorema de Bayes , Tamaño Corporal , Femenino , Masculino , Fenotipo , Platirrinos/genética
3.
J Anim Ecol ; 78(4): 848-56, 2009 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19486381

RESUMEN

1. Many natural populations exploiting a wide range of resources are actually composed of relatively specialized individuals. 2. This interindividual variation is thought to be a consequence of the invasion of 'empty' niches in depauperate communities, generally in temperate regions. If individual niches are constrained by functional trade-offs, the expansion of the population niche is only achieved by an increase in interindividual variation, consistent with the 'niche variation hypothesis'. 3. According to this hypothesis, we should not expect interindividual variation in species belonging to highly diverse, packed communities. 4. In the present study, we measured the degree of interindividual diet variation in four species of frogs of the highly diverse Brazilian Cerrado, using both gut contents and delta(13)C stable isotopes. 5. We found evidence of significant diet variation in the four species, indicating that this phenomenon is not restricted to depauperate communities in temperate regions. 6. The lack of correlations between the frogs' morphology and diet indicate that trade-offs do not depend on the morphological characters measured here and are probably not biomechanical. The nature of the trade-offs remains unknown, but are likely to be cognitive or physiological. 7. Finally, we found a positive correlation between the population niche width and the degree of diet variation, but a null model showed that this correlation can be generated by individuals sampling randomly from a common set of resources. Therefore, albeit consistent with, our results cannot be taken as evidence in favour of the niche variation hypothesis.


Asunto(s)
Anuros/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Animales , Brasil , Demografía , Dieta , Ecosistema , Femenino , Masculino
4.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 96(5): 627-34, 2001 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11500759

RESUMEN

The sensitivity of parameters that govern the stability of population size in Chrysomya albiceps and describe its spatial dynamics was evaluated in this study. The dynamics was modeled using a density-dependent model of population growth. Our simulations show that variation in fecundity and mainly in survival has marked effect on the dynamics and indicates the possibility of transitions from one-point equilibrium to bounded oscillations. C. albiceps exhibits a two-point limit cycle, but the introduction of diffusive dispersal induces an evident qualitative shift from two-point limit cycle to a one fixed-point dynamics. Population dynamics of C. albiceps is here compared to dynamics of Cochliomyia macellaria, C. megacephala and C. putoria.


Asunto(s)
Dípteros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Dípteros/fisiología , Femenino , Fertilidad , Modelos Biológicos , Dinámica Poblacional , Análisis de Regresión
5.
Syst Biol ; 49(3): 563-78, 2000 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12116427

RESUMEN

The model of development and evolution of complex morphological structures conceived by Atchley and Hall in 1991 (Biol. Rev. 66:101-157), which establishes that changes at the macroscopic, morphogenetic level can be statistically detected as variation in skeletal units at distinct scales, was applied in combination with the formalism of geometric morphometrics to study variation in mandible shape among populations of the rodent species Thrichomys apereoides. The thin-plate spline technique produced geometric descriptors of shape derived from anatomical landmarks in the mandible, which we used with graphical and inferential approaches to partition the contribution of global and localized components to the observed differentiation in mandible shape. A major pattern of morphological differentiation in T. apereoides is attributable to localized components of shape at smaller geometric scales associated with specific morphogenetic units of the mandible. On the other hand, a clinical trend of variation is associated primarily with localized components of shape at larger geometric scales. Morphogenetic mechanisms assumed to be operating to produce the observed differentiation in the specific units of the mandible include mesenchymal condensation differentiation, muscle hypertrophy, and tooth growth. Perspectives for the application of models of morphological evolution and geometric morphometrics to morphologically based systematic biology are considered.


Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Roedores/anatomía & histología , Roedores/genética , Animales , Roedores/clasificación
7.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 92(2): 281-6, 1997.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24159673

RESUMEN

This paper presents a diffusion model of larval dispersal specifically designed to account for particular aspects of postfeeding larval dispersal from the food source in organisms such as blowflies. In these organisms the dispersal of immatures includes two groups of individuals, those that are actively migrating and those that have initiated the pupation process. The classical diffusion equation in one dimension was modified to incorporate a function which describes the burying of larvae to become pupae. The analytical solution of this equation predicts oscillatory and monotonic dispersal behaviors, which are observed in experimental populations of blowfly species.

8.
J Med Entomol ; 33(4): 537-44, 1996 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8699446

RESUMEN

Equilibrium dynamics in experimental populations of Chrysomya megacephala (F.) and C. putoria (Wiedemann), which have recently invaded the Americas, and the native species Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), were investigated using nonlinear difference equations. A theoretical analysis of the mathematical model using bifurcation theory established the combination of demographic parameters responsible for producing shifts in blowfly population dynamics from stable equilibria to bounded cycles and aperiodic behavior. Mathematical modeling shows that the populations of the 2 introduced Chrysomya species will form stable oscillations with numbers fluctuating 3-4 times in successive generations. However, in the native species C. macellaria, the dynamics is characterized by damping oscillations in population size, leading to a stable population level.


Asunto(s)
Dípteros , Animales , Cómputos Matemáticos , Modelos Biológicos , Dinámica Poblacional
9.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 91(2): 257-64, 1996.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8736102

RESUMEN

An indirect estimate of consumable food and probability of acquiring food in a blowfly species, Chrysomya putoria, is presented. This alternative procedure combines three distinct models to estimate consumable food in the context of the exploitative competition experienced by immature individuals in blowfly populations. The relevant parameters are derived from data for pupal weight and survival and estimates of density-independent larval mortality in twenty different larval densities. As part of this procedure, the probability of acquiring food per unit of time and the time taken to exhaust the food supply are also calculated. The procedure employed here may be valuable for estimations in insects whose immature stages develop inside the food substrate, where it is difficult to partial out confounding effects such as separation of faeces. This procedure also has the advantage of taking into account the population dynamics of immatures living under crowded conditions, which are particularly characteristic of blowflies and other insects as well.


Asunto(s)
Dípteros/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria , Animales , Dinámica Poblacional
10.
J Med Entomol ; 30(2): 443-8, 1993 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8459422

RESUMEN

The laboratory population dynamics of Chrysomya megacephala (F.) was explored with a mathematical model of density-dependent growth. Fecundity and survival decreased significantly as a function of larval density. Parameters in the exponential regressions fitted to the fecundity and survival data were incorporated into a finite-difference equation that incorporates the delayed effect of larval density on fecundity and survival of adults. The theoretical population model of C. megacephala showed cyclic behavior with a stable limit cycle of two points for adults and immatures.


Asunto(s)
Dípteros/fisiología , Modelos Biológicos , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Femenino , Fertilidad , Larva/fisiología , Masculino , Matemática , Densidad de Población , Dinámica Poblacional
11.
Rev Bras Biol ; 49(2): 369-72, 1989 May.
Artículo en Portugués | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2608944

RESUMEN

The reproductive biology of the bat Artibeus lituratus was studied. Females were collected monthly at the Estação Florestal de Experimentação Engenheiro Agrônomo Mário Xavier, Itaguaí, R.J. The reproductive status of each female was assessed by the histological examination of the reproductive organs. The results suggest that A. lituratus is polioestrous since lactant females were found to be also pregnant. There are two birth peaks in the year that coincide with the rainy season.


Asunto(s)
Quirópteros/fisiología , Estro/fisiología , Reproducción/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Metestro , Embarazo , Proestro , Estaciones del Año
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