RESUMEN
Complex and safety critical healthcare environments like the Intensive Therapy Unit demand highly skilled professionals efficiently interacting with their technologically advanced surroundings and with each other. The ITU environment is daunting to newcomers and contains considerable potential for harm by inexpert treatment. In spite of this, current training is largely workplace based and depends upon observation and supervised practice with real patients. We propose the development of a distributed collaborative environment that recreates key elements of critical care. Centred on a 'virtual bedspace', team members will care for the patient in a way that accurately reflects actual practice and therefore minimises any learning gap. Graded exposure to increasing levels of complexity will ensure that collaborative learning takes place alongside each participant's clinical experience and complements it appropriately.
Asunto(s)
Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Simulación por Computador , Conducta Cooperativa , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Humanos , Capacitación en Servicio , Grupo de Atención al Paciente , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Polyclonal antibodies against the coccidiostat maduramicin were produced by the immunization of rabbits with a conjugate between maduramicin and human serum albumin. The antibodies exhibited minimal cross-reactivity with structurally similar ionophoric coccidiostats (monensin, salinomycin, narasin and laslocid). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for maduramicin in poultry tissue using these antibodies. The ELISA had a limit of detection of approximately 0.02 ng/g in tissue (ng/ml in serum) and a limit of determination of 1.0 ng/g in tissue (ng/ml in serum). The half-life of maduramicin was measured in broiler chickens that had been treated with a therapeutic dose of maduramicin for 14 days. Following withdrawal of the medicated feed, the mean half-lives of maduramicin were 20, 39 and 13 h in liver, muscle and serum, respectively. At the recommended withdrawal period (5 days) the mean residual maduramicin concentration in liver was 1.6 ng/g, in muscle was 1.5 ng/g and in serum was 0.05 ng/ml.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/análisis , Pollos/metabolismo , Residuos de Medicamentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Animales , Antibacterianos/sangre , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Residuos de Medicamentos/farmacocinética , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Semivida , Humanos , Lactonas/análisis , Lactonas/sangre , Lactonas/farmacocinética , Hígado/química , Hígado/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/química , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismoRESUMEN
Salinomycin is widely used as a feed additive to control coccidiosis in the broiler industry world-wide. EC legislation on veterinary drug residues will soon be extended to cover poultry. This will require the development of rapid assays to screen for the presence of residual concentrations of this and other drugs in poultry meat. This study describes the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for salinomycin that has a limit of detection of approximately 0.2 ng/g. The antibody cross-reacts with narasin, but is not subject to interference from lasalocid, maduramicin or monensin. Residual concentrations of salinomycin were measured in the tissues of broilers following feeding of medicated feed containing 60 mg/kg salinomycin. Salinomycin residues were present only at very low concentrations in liver and muscle, and fell below the limit of decision of the assay within 2 days of withdrawal of the medicated feed.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/análisis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Contaminación de Alimentos , Inspección de Alimentos/métodos , Aves de Corral , Piranos/análisis , Animales , Antibacterianos/sangre , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Residuos de Medicamentos , Análisis de los Alimentos , Semivida , Hígado/química , Músculos/química , Piranos/sangre , Piranos/farmacocinética , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Polyclonal antibodies against the coccidiostat, lasalocid, were raised in sheep. The antisera were applied in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for lasalocid, which was validated for chicken serum, liver and muscle. Bridge homology in the ELISA was overcome by absorbing unspecific antisera onto a conjugate between salinomycin and chicken serum albumin, which was immobilized onto Biosilon beads. The described assay is highly specific for lasalocid, and is capable of detecting lasalocid at concentrations of less than 0.15 ng/g, depending on the tissue. Residual concentrations of lasalocid in broilers fed medicated feed containing 90 mg/kg lasalocid were measured during a 7 day withdrawal period. The half-life of lasalocid was 11, 36 and 41 h in serum, liver and muscle, respectively. Lasalocid concentrations in liver were approximately 10 ng/g 7 days withdrawal of the medicated feed.
Asunto(s)
Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Contaminación de Alimentos , Lasalocido/análisis , Aves de Corral , Animales , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Residuos de Medicamentos , Análisis de los Alimentos , Semivida , Lasalocido/farmacocinética , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
The relationship between activity and mortality has been examined mainly in middle-aged and elderly community residents. This study investigated the prediction of five-year mortality in 156 institution residents, including a subsample (n = 121) retested one year after the initial assessment. The measures included demographic variables, three health indexes, happiness, quality of life ratings, personality and life stress indexes, cognitive function, and activity level. The strongest predictors of survival beyond five years from initial testing were a younger age and a high activity level. The relationships of age and activity to survival were mutually independent and were not secondary to the effects of any other variable. Health was not related to activity level and did not emerge as a strong predictor of survival. After a consideration of methodological issues, the findings were interpreted as providing support for an activity theory formulation of mortality prediction.