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Our objective was to compeer the accuracy between two warning criteria during the intraoperative neurophysiologic monitorization for spine/spinal cord surgery. Method: We used two different warning criteria to detect neurological damage. The first criterion was the amplitude reduction of the somatossensory-evoked potentials (SEP) or motor-evoked potentials (MEP) greater than 50% at least in one limb and the second criterion was the complete loss of one of the same potentials. These results were compared with the neurological examination and the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was calculated for each criterion. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, PLR and NLR were respectively for criterion 1 and 2 (0,92/0,58; 0,96/0,99; 24/46 and 0,09/0,57). Conclusion: The first criterion suggests a better sensitivity and accuracy as a warning criterion to avoid central neurological damage...

Nosso objetivo foi comparar a acurácia entre dois critérios de alarme durante a monitorização neurofisiológica intraoperatória, em cirurgias de coluna ou medula. Método: Foram analisados dois critérios de alarme distintos para detectar danos neurológicos medulares, sendo o primeiro critério a redução maior que 50% na amplitude do potencial evocado somatossensitivo ou potencial evocado motor em pelo menos um membro. O segundo critério é a perda completa de um dos potenciais. Os achados foram comparados com as alterações neurológicas e a sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança positiva e negativa foram calculados para cada critério. Resultados: A sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança positiva e negativa foram, respectivamente, para os critérios 1 e 2 (0,92/0,58; 0,96/0,99; 24/46 e 0,09/0,57). Conclusão: O critério 1 aponta para uma tendência de melhor sensibilidade e acurácia, como sinal de alerta de um possível dano neurológico central...

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BACKGROUND: The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depressive symptoms is ambiguous in the literature. PURPOSE: To investigate if there is a correlation between depressive symptoms and the severity of OSA. METHOD: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of data from 123 consecutive adults patients with neither mental illness nor psychotropic drugs intake, referred to a sleep laboratory for an evaluation of OSA. For the statistical analysis (uni- and multivariate), we used the following variables: gender and age, as well as scores based on several scales and indexes such as Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI). RESULTS: Univariate analysis found a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between BDI and AHI. However, with the multivariate logistic regression analysis model, the inverse relation between AHI and BDI no longer has statistical significance. CONCLUSION: There is no causal relationship between OSA and depressive symptoms in the population studied.

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BACKGROUND: The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depressive symptoms is ambiguous in the literature. PURPOSE: To investigate if there is a correlation between depressive symptoms and the severity of OSA. METHOD: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of data from 123 consecutive adults patients with neither mental illness nor psychotropic drugs intake, referred to a sleep laboratory for an evaluation of OSA. For the statistical analysis (uni- and multivariate), we used the following variables: gender and age, as well as scores based on several scales and indexes such as Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI). RESULTS: Univariate analysis found a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between BDI and AHI. However, with the multivariate logistic regression analysis model, the inverse relation between AHI and BDI no longer has statistical significance. CONCLUSION: There is no causal relationship between OSA and depressive symptoms in the population studied.

CONTEXTO: A relação entre apnéia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e sintomas depressivos é ambígua na literatura. OBJETIVO: Investigar se há relação entre sintomas depressivos e intensidade da AOS. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo com 123 pacientes adultos, consecutivamente atendidos em laboratório de sono, para avaliar AOS, sem transtornos mentais nem uso de psicotrópicos. Para análise estatística (uni e multivariada), utilizamos as seguintes variáveis: sexo e idade, além de escores de diversas escalas: Escala de Depressão de Beck (EDB), Escala de Sonolência diurna de Epworth (EPW), Índice de Massa Corporal e o Índice de Apnéia /Hipopnéia (IAH). RESULTADOS: A análise univariada demonstrou fraca, mas estatisticamente significativa relação negativa entre EDB e IAH. Porém, na análise multivariada por regressão logística, esta relação inversa perdeu sua significância. CONCLUSÃO: Não há relação causal, em nossa população estudada, entre sintomas depressivos e intensidade de AOS.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of sleep apnea (SA) and SA syndrome (SAS) in patients with acromegaly and correlate SA with clinical, laboratory, and cephalometric parameters. DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective and cross-sectional study of 24 patients with active acromegaly evaluated by clinical and laboratory (GH, IGF-I) parameters, polysomnography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pharynx. RESULTS: Out of 24 patients, 21 had SA (87.5%), of which 20 (95.3%) had the predominant obstructive type. Median age of these 21 patients was 54 years (range 23-75) and median estimated disease duration was 60 months (range 24-300). The frequency in SA patients of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension was 19, 33.3, and 71.4% respectively. Goiter was found in 10 patients (47.6%) and obesity in 18 (90%). Median GH level was 14 mug/l (1.4-198) and median %IGF-I (percentage above the upper limit of normal range of IGF-I) was 181% (-31.6 to 571.2). The prevalence of SAS was 52.4%. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) correlated significantly with age, waist circumference, body mass index, and hypopharynx area. The AHI was significantly higher in patients with hypertension and DM. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SA and SAS in acromegaly was similar to the one previously described in other series. Age was a significant risk factor, and hypertension and DM were significantly associated complications of SA. Obesity was also significantly related to SA, as a risk factor, a complication or both. Overall, cephalometric parameters by MRI did not correlate with SA.

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Patients with epilepsy were reported to have concomitant sleep apnea, but it has been rarely linked to the epilepsy itself. We present a case of a 28-year-old, obese man with secondary medically resistant partial complex epilepsy due to a brain trauma, with progressive snoring, and sleep agitation, apneas, and important daytime somnolence. It was noticed in the polysomnographic study that he had several sleep respiratory events, probably due both to the epileptic seizures and the sleep apnea syndrome as a co-morbidity. Apnea and epilepsy will be discussed. A careful video-EEG-polysomnography study is important in evaluating refractory epileptic patients and/or epileptic patients with snoring.

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Patients with epilepsy were reported to have concomitant sleep apnea, but it has been rarely linked to the epilepsy itself. We present a case of a 28-year-old, obese man with secondary medically resistant partial complex epilepsy due to a brain trauma, with progressive snoring, and sleep agitation, apneas, and important daytime somnolence. It was noticed in the polysomnographic study that he had several sleep respiratory events, probably due both to the epileptic seizures and the sleep apnea syndrome as a co-morbidity. Apnea and epilepsy will be discussed. A careful video-EEG-polysomnography study is important in evaluating refractory epileptic patients and/or epileptic patients with snoring.

Pacientes com epilepsia e concomitante apnéia do sono já foram descritos na literatura, mas raramente foram associados à epilepsia como fator causal desta apnéia. Nós apresentamos o caso de um homem com 28 anos, obeso, com epilepsia parcial complexa farmacorresistente secundária a trauma crânio encefálico e roncos progressivos, sono agitado, apnéias, além de importante sonolência diurna. Foram observados, durante estudo polissonográfico, freqüentes eventos respiratórios durante o sono, provavelmente secundários a crise epilética, além da síndrome de apnéia obstrutiva do sono como uma co-morbidade. Um exame cuidadoso de vídeo-EEG-polissonografia do caso é importante na avaliação de pacientes com epilepsia fármaco resistente e/ou epilépticos com roncos.

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Acredita-se que a Sídrome de Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) apresenta despertares ou despertares breves (microdespertares) que são um mecanismo de defesa contra os eventos respiratórios, mas também, a SAOS está relacionado de forma causal com algumas importantes comorbidades, tais como a obesidade, a hipertensão arterial e a depressão. Mais recentemente, alguns autores sugeriram uma nova inter-relação entre a instabilidade do sono (microdespertares e CAPs - "cyclic alternating pattern") e a fisiopatologia da SAOS, mostrando que um baixo limiar de despertar, pode agravar e prolongar um ciclo de eventos respiratórios ("loop gain"). Essas situações podem revelar um novo espectro da SAOS. Nós analisaremos essas hipóteses e suas diferentes repercussões clínicas.

It is believed that Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) presents arousal or brief arousal (microarousals) that are a defense mechanism against a breathing events, but also, the OSAS are causally related with some important co-morbidities, such as the obesity, the arterial hypertension and the depression. More recently, some authors suggest a new interrelation between sleep instability (arousal or CAP-ciclic alternating pattern) and OSAS physiopathology, showing that a lower threshold for arousal could prolong and aggravate the continuity of a cyclic respiratory event (loop gain). These situations may disclose a possible different OSAS spectrum. We will analyze this hypothesis and their different clinical implication.

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Este artigo aborda vários aspectos do sono: suas fases e características, eventos EEG mais importantes, sua evolução ontogenética, indução e métodos de sedação. O sono é dividido em várias fases NREM e REM: Sonolência (fase I NREM), sono leve (fase II NREM), sono profundo (fase III NREM), sono muito profundo (fase IV NREM), e sono REM. Seus eventos mais importantes são comentados: transiente agudo do vértex e POSTS (de predomínio na fase I NREM), fusos de sono e complexos K (fase II>III), mitten patter (fase III NREM), ondas em dente de serra (negativas) de 2-5 Hz em séries, frontal ou no vértex (fase REM). A avaliação em sono ambulatorial pode ser indicada principalmente na suspeita de crises epilépticas. O registro pode ser feito durante o sono espontâneo ou induzido por fármacos ou por privação do sono (de maior potencial para a indução de transiente epileptiforme). Essa privação na prática pode ser total ou completa (restrição por 24 h) ou parcial.

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