RESUMEN
There is currently a consensus about the positive effects of physical exercise on cognition. However, the exercise intensity-dependent effect on executive function remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT), progressive resistance training (PRT), or combined training (PRTâ¯+â¯HIIT) on executive function indicators in overweight inactive adult men (aged 18-30â¯years old). The participants were screened and excluded for medical conditions known to impact cognitive functioning, which was measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) screening cognitive test. A randomised, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted among 36 adults who were randomly assigned to a HIIT (nâ¯=â¯12), PRT (nâ¯=â¯7), PRTâ¯+â¯HIIT (nâ¯=â¯7), or control group (nâ¯=â¯10) until the energy expenditure of 400-500â¯kcal. Cognitive inhibition and attention capacity were examined using the Stroop test and d2 test of attention, respectively, and were obtained pre-exercise for baseline measurement and 1â¯min post-exercise for each exercise training modality. Cognitive inhibition measured by the Stroop test was improved after the HIIT protocol for the domains of reading by +5.89 (η2â¯=â¯0.33), colour naming +9.0 (η2â¯=â¯0.60), interference +10.1 (η2â¯=â¯0.39), and index interference +6.0 (η2â¯=â¯0.20). Additionally, the PRTâ¯+â¯HIIT group had an increase for the reading condition of +7.1 (η2â¯=â¯0.40), colour naming +7.5 (η2â¯=â¯0.80), and interference +5.8 (η2â¯=â¯0.39). In regard to attentional capacity, the HIIT group elicited small to medium improvements in the concentration level domain of +21.7 (η2â¯=â¯0.44), total performance domain +56.6 (η2â¯=â¯0.50), and consistency domain -3.0 (η2â¯=â¯0.27). These results were similar in the PRT and PRTâ¯+â¯HIIT groups in the concentration level and items-processed domains (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). In conclusion, acute HIIT and PRTâ¯+â¯HIIT sessions reported important effect sizes than PRT alone for cognitive inhibition and attention capacity. Taken together, the results suggest that even short-term exercise interventions can enhance overweight adults' executive functions.
Asunto(s)
Función Ejecutiva , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Sobrepeso/psicología , Sobrepeso/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Atención/fisiología , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Humanos , Inhibición Psicológica , Masculino , Sobrepeso/fisiopatología , Test de Stroop , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to compare the neurotrophic factor response following one session of high-intensity exercise, resistance training or both in a cohort of physically inactive overweight adults aged 18-30 years old. A randomized, parallel-group clinical trial of 51 men (23.6 ± 3.5 years; 83.5 ± 7.8 kg; 28.0 ± 1.9 kg/m2) who are physically inactive (i.e., < 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise per week or IPAQ score of <600 MET min/week for >6 months) and are either abdominally obese (waist circumference ≥90 cm) or have a body mass index, BMI ≥25 and ≤ 30 kg/m2 were randomized to the following four exercise protocols: high-intensity exercise (4 × 4 min intervals at 85-95% maximum heart rate [HRmax] interspersed with 4 min of recovery at 75-85% HRmax) (n = 14), resistance training (12-15 repetitions per set, at 50-70% of one repetition maximum with 60 s of recovery) (n = 12), combined high-intensity and resistance exercise (n = 13), or non-exercising control (n = 12). The plasma levels of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (also known as neurotrophin 4/5; NT-4 or NT-4/5), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined before (pre-exercise) and 1-min post-exercise for each protocol session. Resistance training induced significant increases in NT-3 (+39.6 ng/mL [95% CI, 2.5-76.6; p = 0.004], and NT-4/5 (+1.3 ng/mL [95% CI, 0.3-2.3; p = 0.014]), respectively. Additionally, combined training results in favorable effects on BDNF (+22.0, 95% CI, 2.6-41.5; p = 0.029) and NT-3 (+32.9 ng/mL [95% CI, 12.3-53.4; p = 0.004]), respectively. The regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between changes in BDNF levels and changes in NT-4/5 levels from baseline to immediate post-exercise in the combined training group (R2 = 0.345, p = 0.034) but not the other intervention groups. The findings indicate that acute resistance training and combined exercise increase neurotrophic factors in physically inactive overweight adults. Further studies are required to determine the biological importance of changes in neurotrophic responses in overweight men and chronic effects of these exercise protocols. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02915913 (Date: September 22, 2016).
RESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to compare the hormonal responses to one session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 4â¯×â¯4â¯min intervals at 85-95% maximum heart rate [HRmax], interspersed with 4â¯min of recovery at 75-85% HRmax), resistance training (RT at 50-70% of one repetition maximum 12-15 repetitions per set with 60s of recovery) or both (HIIT+RT) exercise protocol in a cohort of physical inactivity, overweight adults (age 18-30â¯years old). Randomized, parallel-group clinical trial among fifty-one men (23.6⯱â¯3.5â¯yr; 83.5⯱â¯7.8â¯kg; 28.0⯱â¯1.9â¯kg/m2), physical inactivity (i.e., <150â¯min of moderate-intensity exercise per week for >6â¯months), with abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥90â¯cm) or body mass index ≥25 and ≤30â¯kg/m2 were randomized to the following 4 groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT, nâ¯=â¯14), resistance training (RT, nâ¯=â¯12), combined high-intensity interval and resistance training (HIIT+RT, nâ¯=â¯13), or non-exercising control (CON, nâ¯=â¯12). Cortisol, total- and free-testosterone and total-testosterone/cortisol-ratio (T/C) assessments (all in serum) were determined before (pre) and 1-min post-exercise for each protocol session. Decreases in cortisol levels were -57.08 (95%CI, -75.58 to -38.58; Pâ¯=â¯0.001; ɳ2â¯=â¯0.61) andâ¯-â¯37.65 (95%CI, -54.36 to -20.93; Pâ¯=â¯0.001; ɳ2â¯=â¯0.51) in the HIIT and control group, respectively. Increases in T/C ratio were 0.022 (95%CI, 0.012 to 0.031; Pâ¯=â¯0.001; ɳ2â¯=â¯0.49) and 0.015 (95%CI, 0.004 to 0.025; Pâ¯=â¯0.007; ɳ2â¯=â¯0.29) in the HIIT and control group, respectively. In per-protocol analyses revealed a significant change in cortisol levels [interaction effect F(7.777), ɳ2â¯=â¯0.33] and T/C ratio [interaction effect F(5.298), ɳ2â¯=â¯0.25] between groups over time. Additionally, we showed that in both the intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol analyses, HIIT+RT did not change serum cortisol, total or free testosterone. The present data indicate a HIIT reduced cortisol and increased total-testosterone/cortisol-ratio levels significantly in physically inactive adults. Further study is required to determine the biological importance of these changes in hormonal responses in overweight men.