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INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation (LT) remains the best treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patient selection is crucial and debated ever since the emerging of the Milan criteria in 1996. As live-donor LT is being more routinely performed worldwide, numerous new and/or expansions of the original criteria have been suggested to allow more patients to benefit from this superior treatment modality. This study aims to contribute to the ever-growing data in search for better coverage of patients with acceptable outcomes. METHODS: Medical recordings of 187 adult patients who underwent LT for HCC in a 6-year period were retrospectively collected. Patients were classified by Milan and University of California, San Francisco, criteria. Survival times as well as tumor, liver disease, and recurrence-related data were recorded for each patient and the outcomes were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Factors significantly affecting recurrence and survival were histologic differentiation, number and the size of the tumor, and the presence of vascular invasion. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels did not significantly affect outcomes. Among the patients exceeding both of the criteria, having a total tumor size of less than 160 mm was significantly associated with better outcomes (P = .007). CONCLUSION: HCC patients having tumors with vascular invasion, poor differentiation, exceeding 6 in number and 160 mm in total diameter demonstrate higher recurrence rates and worse outcomes.

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Mucormycosis is a rare lethal complication of organ transplantation that progresses rapidly, and the prognosis is dismal if diagnosed late. We present a surviving liver transplant recipient in whom severe rhino-orbita-maxillary mucormycosis developed 1 month after liver transplantation. Prompt diagnosis with tissue biopsy, local control of the underlying condition with aggressive surgical debridement, and appropriate administration of systemic antifungal therapies are essential to improve prognosis and survival.

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Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in the gynaecological organs affects the uterine cervix and ovary. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ovary is extremely rare, and prognosis is quite poor even when diagnosed at an early stage. These tumours respond poorly to standard chemotherapy regimens. The clinical observation of skin metastasis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer is relatively uncommon, occurring in only 3.5% of patients. These lesions are observed mostly in skin of the abdominal wall adjacent to the primary ovarian tumours. Metastatic skin lesions on extremities are much more rare; it is reported that only 12% of epithelial ovarian carcinoma skin metastases occur on the limbs. Skin metastasis due to large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ovary has not been previously reported. We report the case of a large cell neuroendocrine tumour of the ovary with skin metastases on extremities appearing two months after surgery in a 68-year old woman.

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Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and γ-catenin are known to play an important role in development of metastasis in breast cancer. However, there is not enough information about these biological markers' distribution in different breast cancer subtypes, or their relationship to lymph node metastases in each subtype. In this study, staining characteristics of CXCR4 and γ-catenin were analyzed in each breast cancer subtype and their relationship to lymph node involvement explored. There was a statistically significant relationship between CXCR4 and certain tumor subtypes (p < 0.05). Basal-like and HER2 enriched tumors showed strong CXCR4 positivity (45.7%). Furthermore, a significant correlation was discovered between CXCR4 positivity and lymph node involvement (p < 0.05). Among tumor subtypes staining positively with CXCR4, 80% of basal-like, 90% of HER2 enriched, and 78.5% of luminal A showed axillary lymph node involvement. In general, there was a positive relationship between histological grade and CXCR4 expression (p = 0.004). A statistically significant correlation existed between HER2 positivity and γ-catenin expression (p < 0.05). Basal-like and HER2 enriched breast cancer subtypes express CXCR4 staining more often than the other subtypes. Additionally, there is also a positive relationship between lymph node involvement and CXCR4 staining of these subtypes.

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We present the case of a patient with advanced endometriosis who presented with chronic pelvic pain, bilateral unruptured ovarian endometrioma, massive peritoneal implants and extremely elevated CA 125, and also elevated CA 15-3 levels. Laparoscopy revealed bilateral unruptured ovarian endometrioma and diffuse peritoneal endometriotic implants. Increased association of elevated levels of CA 125 and CA 15-3 is not so common in advanced endometriosis. The case was successfully treated with laparoscopy and combined low-dose oral contraceptive with one year of follow-up. To the best of our knowledge among the reported cases this is the highest CA 15-3 level ever reported with an extremely elevated CA 125 level.

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The aim of this randomised controlled study was to compare continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using an insulin pump with the traditional continuous intravenous infusion method for tight glycaemic control. Sixty patients admitted to our University Hospital medical intensive care unit with an initial blood glucose level over 6.1 mmol/l, were enrolled and randomised into two treatment groups: the subcutaneous insulin group received continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and the intravenous group received insulin by traditional intravenous infusion with infusers. Three patients died in the first 24 hours and were excluded from the final analysis. Insulin therapy was administered to both groups according to the previously designed and used protocol in the department. The target glucose level was 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/l. There was no significant difference in mortality between the groups. However mean blood glucose level was found to be lower (6.56+/-0.82 mmol/l vs. 7.85+/-1.6 mmol/l, P=0.00055) in the subcutaneous insulin group. According to Vogelzang's hyperglycaemic index, better glycaemic control was achieved in the subcutaneous insulin group while there was no significant difference in terms of hypoglycaemic events. Daily insulin bolus and infusion requirements were also significantly lower in the subcutaneous insulin group. Despite the small number of patients involved in this study in a medical intensive care unit, strict blood glucose control using a subcutaneous insulin pump was achieved more efficiently than the traditional intravenous infusion method without increasing hypoglycaemic events.

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Anthrax was a relatively unknown disease in the Western world until 2001, when spores were maliciously mailed in the US, causing five deaths. The mortality of the disease, the stability of its spores and the subsequent lack of person-to-person spread make anthrax an attractive biological weapon for terrorists with a desire for targeted mass destruction.

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OBJECTIVE(S): This experimental study investigates the dose-related effects of cyclophosphamide (Cy) on primordial follicular reserve in young mice, and examines whether the concomitant administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) may protect gonadal reserve, even at different doses of Cy. METHODS: Forty sexually mature virginal Balb/c mice aged five to six weeks were administered different doses (0, 50, 75,100 mg/kg) of Cy. Another 40 animals were treated with increasing doses (0, 50, 75, 100 mg/kg) of Cy in combination with GnRHa. GnRHa treatment was initiated one week prior to chemotherapy and also continued after chemotherapy for one week. The ovaries were removed seven days after Cy administration and the total number of primordial follicles in both ovaries was counted. RESULTS: Primordial follicular destruction occurred at all levels of Cy exposure. There was a positive correlation between increasing doses of Cy and higher proportion of follicular loss (p < 0.0001). GnRHa was not able to protect against the chemotherapy-induced negative effect on primordial follicular count at low doses (50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg). Mean +/- SD primordial follicle count in the 100 mg/kg Cy-treated group was significantly lower than in the 100 mg/kg Cy + GnRHa treatment group (73.9 +/- 33.1 vs 89 +/- 17.9, p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a possible ovarian protective effect of GnRHa cotreatment only at high doses of Cy treatment. However, in spite of co-administration of GnRHa, loss of primordial follicular reserve occurred at all doses of Cy in mice.

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Metastatic tumors of the pituitary gland are not commonly diagnosed during life in cancer patients. The occurrence of symptomatic lesions is also very unusual and difficult to differentiate clinically and radiologically from pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, a single intrasellar metastasis from laryngeal carcinoma mimicking a pituitary adenoma is an extremely rare pathological finding. We report on the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings in a patient with laryngeal carcinoma who had a symptomatic solitary pituitary gland metastasis that was recognized antemortem.

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