RESUMEN
Yttrium scandate crystals doped by Nd3+ and Tm3+ ions have been successfully grown in the form of fibers using the laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique. The selective laser spectroscopy methods have identified and distinguished three distinct types of optically active centers associated with Nd3+ and Tm3+ ions. The substitution of Y3+ and Sc3+ for rare-earth ions in the C2 structural site leads to the formation of two distinct basic long-time centers. In Nd3+:YScO3, another type of center (a short-lifetime one) is formed known as the Nd3+-Nd3+ aggregate pair. This center arises from the substitution of Y3+ or Sc3+ for Nd3+ cation in the adjacent MO6 polyhedra that share an edge. In Tm3+:YScO3, the third optical center is formed as a result of the substitution of Y3+ or Sc3+ for Tm3+ in the MO6 octahedra with the C3i site symmetry. The fluorescence decay lifetimes of Nd3+ and Tm3+ ions in the YScO3 crystal structure have been accurately measured and estimated. A Stark level diagram illustrating the splitting of 4F3/2, 4I11/2, and 4I9/2 multiplets of Nd3+ ions has been constructed to show features of the active optical centers with the C2 site symmetry.
RESUMEN
High erbium content yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) and yttrium scandium aluminum garnet (Er:YSAG) ceramics have been fabricated from Er:YAG and Er:YSAG powders, respectively. The powders have been synthesized via a reverse precipitation technique, processed by uniaxial pressing followed by cold isostatic pressing, and sintered in a vacuum. TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) was used as a sintering additive. After vacuum sintering, all of the samples were processed by annealing in air to increase the transmittance and polished on both sides. The influence of the Sc3+ content and the synthesis conditions on the microstructure and optical transparency of the Er:YAG and Er:YSAG ceramics have been investigated in detail. It has been found that changing Al3+ for the bigger Sc3+ ion leads to the transmittance increasing to up to 60% at a wavelength of about 1500 nm.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study assesses mortality and economic burden due to the regular tobacco usage among the population of the Krasnoyarsk region of the Russian Federation. This territory was chosen for the analysis because of two factors: high smoking prevalence in the Krasnoyarsk region (46% among the adult population) and premature mortality of the working-age population, which leads to a significant burden to the federal budget of the Russian Federation. DATA SOURCES: In our work, three main causes of smoking-related deaths were considered: cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and COPD. The working-age population was investigated (20-72 years old). The databases of mortality and population size of the territorial body of state statistics of the Krasnoyarsk region (data for 2013) were used as the information sources. METHODS: Joint application of population-attributable risk and disability-adjusted life years method allowed us to estimate medico-demographic and economic burden due to the tobacco-attributable premature mortality in the investigated population. RESULTS: We found that tobacco use-related economic burden is at least equal to 2% of the gross regional product of the Krasnoyarsk region in 2013. CONCLUSION: An assessment of economic tobacco use-related burden is important for determining the volume of necessary funding for development of smoking prevention programs, proper estimation of tobacco companies' taxation, and other measures for controlling tobacco use. Smoking cessation is a priority for prevention of the tobacco-related diseases and reduction of their burden on local economy.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Costo de Enfermedad , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Servicios Preventivos de Salud , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Fumar , Adulto , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mortalidad Prematura , Evaluación de Necesidades , Prevalencia , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/métodos , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/organización & administración , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/economía , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/etiología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/mortalidad , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Siberia/epidemiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Fumar/economía , Fumar/epidemiología , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Krasnoyarsk region is a territory with the widespread risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and occupational exposure. An assessment of COPD prevalence based on medical diagnosis statistics underestimates the true COPD prevalence. This study aims to evaluate how medical examinations may increase the accuracy of estimates of COPD prevalence. METHODS: True COPD prevalence was estimated as a number of patients with the established disease diagnosis supplemented by the additional disease cases detected during medical examinations per 1,000 inhabitants of the region. Official medical statistics data and the data collected from the Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases program 2011 among 15,000 inhabitants of the region aged 18 years and older were analyzed. RESULTS: This study revealed the COPD cases without official medical diagnosis. The true prevalence of COPD is estimated to be two times higher than the prevalence estimates based on medical diagnosis statistics. CONCLUSION: Undiagnosed and untreated cases of COPD result in severe COPD forms as well as addition of severe comorbidities. Because of this, there is an increase in the index of potential years of life lost. Conducting special medical examinations may increase the number of COPD cases detected at the early stages of the disease. This, in turn, may reduce the overall burden of the disease for the population of the region.