RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The risk of thromboembolic events is increased in patients with heart failure (HF); however, few studies have reported thromboembolic findings in HF patients who have undergone autopsy. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed 1457 autopsies (January 2000/July 2006) and selected 595 patients with HF. We studied the occurrence of thromboembolic events in patients' autopsy reports. Mean age was 61.8±15.9 years; 376 (63.2%) were men and 219 (36.8%) women; left ventricular ejection fraction was 42.1±18.7%. HF etiologies were coronary artery disease in 235 (39.5%) patients, valvular disease in 121 (20.3%), and Chagas' disease in 81 (13.6%). The main cause of death was progressive HF in 253 (42.5%) patients, infections in 112 (18.8%), myocardial infarction in 86 (14.5%), and pulmonary embolism in 81 (13.6%). Altogether, 233 patients (39.2%) suffered 374 thromboembolic events. A thromboembolic event was considered the direct cause of death in 93 (24.9%) patients and related to death in 158 (42.2%). The most frequent thromboembolism was pulmonary embolism in 135 (36.1%) patients; in 81 events (60%), it was considered the cause of death. When we compared clinical characteristics of patients, sex (OR=1.511, CI 95% 1.066-2.143, P=.021) and Chagas disease (OR=2.362, CI 95% 1.424-3.918, P=.001) were independently associated with the occurrence of thromboembolisms. CONCLUSIONS: Thromboembolic events are frequent in patients with heart failure revealed at autopsy, and are frequently associated with the death process. Our findings warrant a high degree of suspicion for these occurrences, especially during the care of more susceptible populations, such as women and Chagas patients.
Asunto(s)
Insuficiencia Cardíaca/patología , Tromboembolia/patología , Anciano , Autopsia , Causas de Muerte , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/mortalidad , Cardiomiopatía Chagásica/patología , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/mortalidad , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Oportunidad Relativa , Embolia Pulmonar/mortalidad , Embolia Pulmonar/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Tromboembolia/mortalidadRESUMEN
Autopsies are the gold standard for diagnostic accuracy; however, no recent study has analyzed autopsies in heart failure (HF).We reviewed 1241 autopsies (January 2000-May 2005) and selected 232 patients with HF. Clinical and autopsy diagnoses were analyzed and discrepancies categorized according to their importance regarding therapy and prognosis.Mean age was 63.3â±â15.9 years; 154 (66.4%) patients were male. The causes of death at autopsy were end-stage HF (40.9%), acute myocardial infarction (17.2%), infection (15.9), and pulmonary embolism 36 (15.5). Diagnostic discrepancies occurred in 191 (82.3%) cases; in 56 (24.1%), discrepancies were related to major diagnoses with potential influence on survival or treatment; pulmonary embolism was the cause of death for 24 (42.9%) of these patients. In 35 (15.1%), discrepancies were related to a major diagnosis with equivocal influence on survival or treatment; in 100 (43.1%), discrepancies did not influence survival or treatment. In multivariate analysis, age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.008-1.052, Pâ=â0.007) and presence of diabetes mellitus (OR: 0.359, 95% CI: 0.168-0.767, Pâ=â0.008) influenced the occurrence discrepancies.Diagnostic discrepancies with a potential impact on prognosis are frequent in HF. These findings warrant reconsideration in diagnostic and therapeutic practices with HF patients.
Asunto(s)
Errores Diagnósticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Anciano , Autopsia , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Función Ventricular IzquierdaRESUMEN
Dentre as diversas etiologias da insuficiência cardíaca, a miocardiopatia chagásica é considerada a mais agressiva. Como não há tratamento capaz de reverter a evolução da doença o transplante cardíaco torna-se a únicaopção. Foram analisados 107 pacientes portadores da doença de Chagas submetidos a transplante cardíaco, com idades compreendidas entre 11 e 62 anos (42,7±15,3 anos). Os pacientesportadores de megaesôfago e megacólon sintomáticos são automaticamente excluídos dos programas de transplante devido a uma maior possibilidade de complicações no pós-operatório a curto e longo prazo. A expectativa de resultados inferiores para o transplante em chagásicos em relação às demais cardiomiopatias não foi confirmada e, paradoxalmente,se encontram melhores taxas de sobrevida. Notou-se uma mortalidade imediata de 17,7% (19 casos), sendo as principais causas de morte: infecção (6 casos, 31,5%), disfunção do enxerto (6 casos, 31,5%), rejeição (4 casos 21,1%), parada cardiorrespiratória súbita (2 casos 10,5%) e incompatibilidades ABO (1 caso 5,3%). Tardiamente ao transplante, 27 (25,2%) pacientes morreram, sendo as principais causas de morte: rejeição (6 casos, 22,2%), infecção (6 casos, 22,2%), linfoma (4 casos, 14,8%), Kaposi (2 casos, 7,4%), pericardite constritiva (2 casos, 7,4%) e reativação da doença de Chagas no sistemanervoso central (1 caso, 7,1%). Por fim, pode-se concluir que: 1) o transplante cardíaco ainda é a única forma capazde modificar a evolução natural da cardiomiopatia chagásica; 2) o diagnóstico precoce aliado à rápida introdução de benzonidazol leva a um reconhecimento de padrões histológicosnormais do miocárdio sem que haja sequelas e 3) as doses de imunossupressores empregadas devem ser inferiores às utilizadas em outras etiologias.
Among the several etiologies of heart failure, the chagasic myocardiopathy is considered the most aggressive. Once there is no treatment capable of reverting the disease evolution, the heart transplantation becomes the only option. We analyzed 107 patients with Chagas disease submitted to heart transplantation, aged between 11 and 62 years (42.7 ± 15.3 years). Patients with symptomatic megacolon andmegaesophagus are automatically excluded from transplant programs due to a higher possibility of postoperative short and long term complications. The expectation of inferior results for the transplantation of chagasic patients in comparison with other myocardiopathies was not confirmed and, paradoxically, were found better survival rates. We noticed an immediatemortality rated in 17.7% (19 cases), whose main cause of death were: infection (6 cases, 31.5%), graft dysfunction (6 cases, 31.5%), rejection (4 cases 21,1%), sudden cardiopulmonary arrest (2 cases 10.5%) and ABO incompatibilities (1 case 5,3%). Late after transplant, 27 (25.2%) patients died, and the majorcauses were: rejection (6 cases, 22.2%), infection (6 casos, 22.2%), lymphoma (4 cases, 14.8%), Kaposi sarcoma (2 cases, 7.4%), constrictive pericarditis (2 cases, 7.4%) and Chagas disease reactivation in the central nervous system (1 case, 7.1%). Finally, the conclusions are: 1) heart transplantation is still the only way to modify the natural course of chagasicmyocardiopathy, 2) early diagnosis coupled to the rapid introduction of benzonidazol leads to a pattern recognition of normal myocardial histology without sequelae and 3) the doses of immunosuppressants used should be lower than those usedin other etiologies.