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SUMMARY: Glucose has an essential role in the proliferation and survival of testicular tissue. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are responsible for glucose uptake across cell membranes. In the present work, two main isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 were investigated in the testes of Laboratory mouse (BALB/c), Lesser Egyptian jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), and Desert Hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus). Immunofluorescent localization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 showed considerable species differences. The lowest expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was localized in the testis of Laboratory mouse (BALB/c), the highest GLUT1 localization was detected in the testis of Lesser Egyptian jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), and the highest GLUT3 immunofluorescent localization was observed in the testis of Hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus). The results imply that GLUT3 is the principal glucose transporter in the studied testes, which is related to species differences. The different immunolocalization of GLUT in examined testes suggests using various transport systems for energy gain in different species.

La glucosa tiene un papel esencial en la proliferación y supervivencia del tejido testicular. Los transportadores de glucosa (GLUT) son responsables de la absorción de glucosa a través de las membranas celulares. En el presente trabajo, se investigaron dos isoformas principales GLUT1 y GLUT3 en los testículos de un ratón de laboratorio (BALB/c), un jerbo egipcio menor (Jaculus jaculus), un hámster dorado (Mesocricetus auratus) y un erizo del desierto (Paraechinus aethiopicus). La localización inmunofluorescente de GLUT1 y GLUT3 mostró diferencias considerables entre especies. La expresión más baja de GLUT1 y GLUT3 se localizó en el testículo del ratón de laboratorio (BALB/c), la localización más alta de GLUT1 se detectó en el testículo del jerbo egipcio menor (Jaculus jaculus) y la localización inmunofluorescente de GLUT3 más alta se observó en el testículo de Erizo (Paraechinus aethiopicus). Los resultados implican que GLUT3 es el principal transportador de glucosa en los testículos estudiados, lo que está relacionado con diferencias entre especies. La diferente inmunolocalización de GLUT en los testículos examinados sugiere el uso de varios sistemas de transporte para ganar energía en diferentes especies.

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The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is considered as a primary cause of food-borne illness and food quality deterioration worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of five essential oils (EOs) against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens. In the current study Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella) and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus were isolated from raw milk and biochemically characterized. The anti-bacterial effect of different antibiotics and EOs (thyme, oregano, lemongrass, mint, and rosemary) was determined using the standard disc diffusion method. The antibiogram study revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to penicillin while Staphylococcus was resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin, and lincomycin. Moderate resistance was observed to doxycycline, amikacin, enrofloxacin, kanamycin and cefixime. Isolates were found less resistant to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. EOs showed a broad range of antimicrobial activity against all bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Of these, thyme was more effective against most of the multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and formed the largest zone of inhibition (26 mm) against Escherichia followed by oregano oil (18 mm) against Staphylococcus (p<0.05). Klebsiella spp and Citrobacter spp showed resistance to mint and lemongrass oil respectively. The EOs such as lemongrass, mint and rosemary were less active against all the bacteria. The findings of the recent study suggest the use of EOs as natural antibacterial agents for food preservation.

A presença de bactérias patogênicas em alimentos é considerada a principal causa de doenças transmitidas por alimentos e deterioração da qualidade dos alimentos em todo o mundo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a eficácia de cinco óleos essenciais (OEs) contra patógenos de origem alimentar multirresistentes. No presente estudo, bactérias Gram-negativas (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas e Klebsiella) e as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus foram isoladas do leite cru e caracterizadas bioquimicamente. O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes antibióticos e OEs (tomilho, orégano, capim-limão, hortelã e alecrim) foi determinado usando o método padrão de difusão em disco. O estudo do antibiograma revelou que as bactérias Gram-negativas eram altamente resistentes à penicilina, enquanto o Staphylococcus era resistente à estreptomicina, amoxicilina e lincomicina. Foi observada resistência moderada à doxiciclina, amicacina, enrofloxacina, canamicina e cefixima. Os isolados foram encontrados menos resistentes à gentamicina, cloranfenicol e ciprofloxacina. Os OEs mostraram uma ampla gama de atividade antimicrobiana contra todas as bactérias, exceto P. aeruginosa. Destes, o tomilho foi mais eficaz contra a maioria das cepas bacterianas multirresistentes e formou a maior zona de inibição (26 mm) contra Escherichia seguido de óleo de orégano (18 mm) contra Staphylococcus (p<0,05). Klebsiella spp e Citrobacter spp apresentaram resistência ao óleo de menta e capim-limão, respectivamente. Os OEs como capim-limão, hortelã e alecrim foram menos ativos contra todas as bactérias. Os resultados do estudo recente sugerem o uso de OEs como agentes antibacterianos naturais para conservação de alimentos.

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The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is considered as a primary cause of food-borne illness and food quality deterioration worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of five essential oils (EOs) against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens. In the current study Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella) and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus were isolated from raw milk and biochemically characterized. The anti-bacterial effect of different antibiotics and EOs (thyme, oregano, lemongrass, mint, and rosemary) was determined using the standard disc diffusion method. The antibiogram study revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to penicillin while Staphylococcus was resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin, and lincomycin. Moderate resistance was observed to doxycycline, amikacin, enrofloxacin, kanamycin and cefixime. Isolates were found less resistant to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. EOs showed a broad range of antimicrobial activity against all bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Of these, thyme was more effective against most of the multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and formed the largest zone of inhibition (26 mm) against Escherichia followed by oregano oil (18 mm) against Staphylococcus (p<0.05). Klebsiella spp and Citrobacter spp showed resistance to mint and lemongrass oil respectively. The EOs such as lemongrass, mint and rosemary were less active against all the bacteria. The findings of the recent study suggest the use of EOs as natural antibacterial agents for food preservation.

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Brazilian red propolis was administered orally to Santa Inês ewes, and evaluation was made of general health and hematological, biochemical, and parasitic responses during and after flushing. Thirty mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant Santa Inês ewes (40 ± 2 kg and 2.5 years old) were grazing tropical pasture (Brachiaria decumbens and Pennisetum purpureum) and, as flushing after synchronization, were supplemented with a concentrate-roughage mixture at a rate of 4 % body weight (BW). Ewes were divided according to BW and fecal egg count (FEC) into two groups (n = 15 each): control and propolis that received propolis ethanolic extract at rates of, respectively, 0 and 3 g/ewe/day. The treatments lasted 21 days until the end of flushing period. BW and body condition score (BCS) were recorded, and blood and fecal samples were taken weekly for 8 weeks. Mean values of BW and BCS were not (P > 0.05) affected by propolis administration. Propolis increased (P < 0.01) total leukocytes (WBC), but no significant differences were observed for other hematological parameters. Propolis increased (P < 0.01) total protein and globulin concentrations and decreased (P < 0.01) triglycerides, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase. Propolis decreased (P < 0.05) FEC. Propolis administration had good impact on ewe health and may be a promising feed additive during critical periods such as flushing.

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